Lunenburg, Fred C. Organizational Structure Mintzberg Framework Free Essays

Universal JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY, ACADEMIC, INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY VOLUME 14, NUMBER 1, 2011 Organizational Structure: Mintzberg’s Framework Fred C. Lunenburg Sam Houston State University Conceptual Henry Mintzberg recommends that associations can be separated along three fundamental measurements: (1) the key piece of the association, that is, the piece of the association that assumes the significant job in deciding its prosperity or disappointment; (2) the prime planning system, that is, the significant technique the association uses to arrange its exercises; and (3) the sort of decentralization utilized, that is, the degree to which the association includes subordinates in the dynamic procedure. Utilizing the three fundamental measurements â€key part of the association, prime planning component, and sort of decentralizationâ€Mintzberg recommends that the methodology an association embraces and the degree to which it rehearses that technique bring about five basic arrangements: straightforward structure, machine organization, proficient administration, divisionalized structure, and adhocracy. We will compose a custom paper test on Lunenburg, Fred C. Authoritative Structure Mintzberg Framework or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Associations exist to accomplish objectives. These objectives are separated into errands as the reason for occupations. Employments are assembled into offices. Offices in associations might be portrayed by promoting, deals, publicizing, fabricating, etc. Inside every division, significantly more qualifications can be secured between the positions individuals perform. Divisions are connected to frame the authoritative structure. The organization’s structure gives it the structure to satisfy its capacity in the earth (Nelson Quick, 2011). The term hierarchical structure alludes to the proper design among people and gatherings in regards to the allotment of undertakings, obligations, and authority inside the association (Galbraith, 1987; Greenberg, 2011) Very early authoritative structures were frequently founded either on item or capacity (Oliveira Takahashi, 2012). The grid association structure crossed these two different ways of sorting out (Galbraith, 2009; Kuprenas, 2003). Others moved past these early methodologies and inspected the connection between authoritative methodology and structure (Brickley, Smith, Zimmerman, Willett, 2002). This methodology started with the milestone work of Alfred Chandler (1962, 2003), who followed the verifiable improvement of such huge American organizations as DuPont, Sears, and General Motors. He closed from his investigation that an organization’s technique will in general impact its structure. He proposes that technique in a roundabout way decides such factors as the organization’s undertakings, innovation, and situations, and every one of these impacts the structure of the association. All the more as of late, social researchers have expanded Chandler’s theory by battling that an organization’s system decides its condition, innovation, and undertakings. These factors, combined with development rates and force appropriation, influence authoritative 1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY, ACADEMIC, INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY 2_____________________________________________________________________________________ tructure (Hall Tolbert, 2009; Miles, Snow, Meyer, Coleman, 2011). Henry Mintzberg (1992, 2009) recommends that associations can be separated along three essential measurements: (1) the key piece of the association, that is, the piece of the association that assumes the significant job in deciding its prosperity or disappointment; (2) the prime planning instrument, that is, the significant technique the association uses to arrange its exercises; and (3) the sort of decentralization utilized, that is, the degree to which the association includes subordinates in the dynamic procedure. The key pieces of an association are appeared in Figure 1 and incorporate the accompanying. Vital Apex Technostructure Middle Line Support Staff Operative Core Figure 1. The key pieces of an association. ? ? ? ? The vital pinnacle is top administration and its care staff. In school regions, this is the director of schools and the authoritative bureau. The usable center are the laborers who really do the organization’s errands. Educators establish the employable center in school locale. The center line is center and lower-level administration. Principals are the middlelevel directors in school areas. The technostructure are experts, for example, engineers, bookkeepers, organizers, specialists, and faculty administrators. In school regions, divisions, for example, guidance, business, work force, advertising, innovative work, and such comprise the technostructure. The care staff are the individuals who offer aberrant types of assistance. In school areas, comparative administrations incorporate upkeep, administrative, food administration, transporting, lawful guidance, and counseling to offer help. ? The subsequent essential element of an association is its prime organizing system. This incorporates the accompanying: FRED C. LUNENBURG _____________________________________________________________________________________3 ? ? ? ? ? Direct oversight implies that one individual is mindful of crafted by others. This idea alludes to the solidarity of order and scalar standards. Normalization of work process exists when the substance of work is determined or customized. In school areas, this alludes to sets of responsibilities that administer the work execution of instructors. Normalization of aptitudes exists when the sort of preparing important to accomplish the work is indicated. In educational systems, this alludes to state testaments required for the different ccupants of a school district’s chain of command. Normalization of yield exists when the aftereffects of the work are determined. Since the â€Å"raw material† that is prepared by the usable center (educators) comprises of individuals (understudies), not things, normalization of yield is more hard to quantify in schools than in other no nservice associations. By and by, a development toward the normalization of yield in schools lately has happened. Models incorporate competency testing of instructors, state-commanded testing of understudies, state-ordered educational plans, prescriptive learning targets, and different endeavors toward administered learning. Shared alteration exists when work is facilitated through casual correspondence. Common change or coordination is the significant pushed of Likert’s (1987) â€Å"linking-pin† idea. The third fundamental element of an association is the kind of decentralization it utilizes. The three sorts of decentralization are the accompanying: ? ? ? Vertical decentralization is the dispersion of shut down the hierarchy of leadership, or shared authority among superordinates and subordinates in any association. Level decentralization is the degree to which non managers (counting staff) decide, or shared authority among line and staff. Particular decentralization is the degree to which dynamic force is appointed to various units inside the association. In school locale, these units may incorporate guidance, business, work force, advertising, and innovative work divisions. Utilizing the three fundamental dimensionsâ€key part of the association, prime planning instrument, and kind of decentralizationâ€Mintzberg recommends that the system an association receives and the degree to which it rehearses that technique bring about five basic arrangements: basic structure, machine organization, proficient administration, divisionalized structure, and adhocracy. Table 1 sums up the three fundamental measurements related with every one of the five auxiliary arrangements. Each hierarchical structure is examined thusly. Worldwide JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY, ACADEMIC, INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY 4_____________________________________________________________________________________ Table 1. Mintzberg’s Five Organizational Structures Basic Configuration Simple structure Machine administration Professional organization Divisionalized structure Adhocracy Prime Coordinating Mechanism Direct management Standardization of work forms Standardization of abilities Standardization of yields Mutual modification Key Part of Organization Strategic zenith Technostructure Operating center Middle line Support staff Type of Decentralization Vertical and even centralization Limited flat decentralization Vertical and level decentralization Limited vertical decentralization Selective decentralization Basic Structure The basic structure has as its key part the vital summit, utilizes direct management, and utilizes vertical and flat centralization. Instances of basic structures are generally little organizations, new government divisions, medium-sized retail locations, and little grade school areas. The association comprises of the top director and a couple of laborers in the usable center. There is no technostructure, and the care staff is little; laborers perform covering errands. For instance, instructors and heads in little primary school regions must accept a significant number of the obligations that the technostructure and care staff act in bigger regions. Often, in any case, little grade school locale are individuals from cooperatives that offer numerous types of assistance (I. e. , advocates, social laborers) to various little school locale in one area of the province or state. In little school regions, the administrator may work as both director of the locale and head of a solitary school. Directors in such school regions must be business visionaries. Since the association is little, coordination is casual and kept up through direct management. Also, this association can adjust to natural changes quickly. Objectives stress advancement and long haul endurance, despite the fact that development might be troublesome

Job Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Employment Discrimination - Essay Example The accompanying will investigate work separation with an eye to how this type of segregation influences certain gatherings of individuals in the work market and how society has endeavored to shield these individuals from separation. Segregation in the workforce influences individuals from varying backgrounds. In like manner, the business chances of half of our populace are frustrated by inactive and obvious sexism in the workplaces of America. It is notable that ladies in America procure considerably not exactly their male partners. The Equal Pay Act (EPA) of 1963 was built up over four decades prior to secure people who play out similar assignments from wage-based separation. Sexism is a lamentable part of our cutting edge society yet the EPA looks to battle it through positive enactment planned for adjusting the compensation inconsistency among people in the work power. More established specialists additionally face an assortment of obstructions to their dynamic consideration in the work power and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 secures people who are 40 years old or more seasoned from separation at work. At long last, individuals with inabilities face a plenty of obstacles in the publi c eye and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 was set up to guarantee the full incorporation of individuals with handicaps in American culture. Covering a wide assortment of occasions of separation, the ADA is the latest bit of enactment referenced above which expects to handle issues related with segregation in the work power (Bernbach 1996; Ripa 2007). Occupation separation forestalls the dynamic consideration of specific kinds of people in the workplace and is impeding both to the assorted variety of an office just as to the profitability of a specific work space. Trying to address the significant difficulties minorities face concerning separation at work, the administration has enacted strategies to shield certain gatherings from unsafe work rehearses. Occupation

How to Clear Your Mind for Reduced Stress

How to Clear Your Mind for Reduced Stress Stress Management Management Techniques Print 5 Effective Ways to Clear Your Mind By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 23, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on October 23, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Jakob Helbig / Getty Images When people face stress, many find that the stress can compound with thoughts of not only the present stress but about events or issues that occurred in the past or even events that may occur in the future. If youve experienced this kind of stress, you may have noticed that the same thoughts replay over and over again in your mind creating an endless loop and increased worry. This thought pattern not only does nothing to help solve the problems at hand, and but it can also interfere with healthy practices that can help create inner peaceâ€"like restful sleep. The solution is to clear your mind and give yourself a break from these recurring, compounding stressors. With a refreshed approach, you may be able to solve your problem or at least compromise on a solution that is manageable. Positive Effects of Clearing Your Mind The process of replaying the same thoughts over and over in your head is known as rumination. Research has shown that rumination can be harmful in many ways?? and that being able to clear your mind and free yourself from the negative practice is an important skill to master. One of the main problems with rumination is that when you focus on disturbing events in the past or future, you create anxiety for yourself in the present. This anxiety triggers your stress response and robs you of joy in the moment. The result may be chronic stressâ€"an unhealthy condition that can lead to a host of physical, mental, and emotional problems. By learning to avoid rumination (or manage it successfully), you may be able to maintain or achieve an improved state of mind. Better Rest Rumination has been found to affect rest.?? Not only does rumination delay the time at which you stop stressing about, say, work and start relaxing at the end of the day, but it can affect your sleep as well. With less time to rejuvenate and more time feeling unpleasant, those who ruminate get a double-dose of stress with limited ability to recover. By managing rumination better, you may be able to spend more time (both awake and asleep) in a more restful state. Decreased Cortisol Chronic stress, which is exacerbated by rumination, is thought to contribute to illness through the over-activation of stress-responsive biological systems. Rumination may also alter the body’s stress-responsive systems by amplifying and prolonging exposure to physiological mediators, such as cortisol.?? Cortisol is a hormone that is released by the adrenal glands and is commonly known as the stress hormone. Cortisol plays several important roles in the body that can affect the way you feel. For example, it can help to control blood sugar levels, regulate metabolism, reduce inflammation, and assist with memory formulation. But prolonged high levels of cortisol are associated with negative health outcomes. One study found that those who engaged in rumination had a higher level of cortisol in their system by the end of the day, but not higher levels at the beginning, pointing to the likelihood that the cortisol was linked to their way of handling the days stresses.?? The study also demonstrated that rumination (not just the events of the day) is directly related to increased physical responses to stress. Improved Creativity Rumination can kill your creativity. One study found that those who ruminated about problems at work were less creative on the job, while those who engaged in problem-solving thinking showed quicker recovery off the job.?? In short, ruminating more often probably means that you take your work home with you. On the other hand, those who participate in problem-solving thoughts are likely to be more creative (and likely more effective) on the job and enjoy more relaxed recovery after work. Other research has also linked rumination with a decreased ability to see solutions to problems, which can potentially lead to more stress.?? How to Clear Your Mind Clearing your mind can help combat rumination and may lead to better sleep, more effective downtime after work, greater focus, and increased creativity. The practice may even be good for your relationships. So investing some time in mind-clearing strategies is well worth it. If your thoughts about a stressful situation become stuck and thinking about an event no longer leads to positive change, it’s time to take steps to clear your mind. Of course, letting go of negative emotions is easier said than done. There are methods, however, that you may be able to use to quiet your mind and enjoy what life has to offer in the present moment. Meditate Research shows that meditation can be helpful in facilitating forgiveness,?? letting go of rumination, and reducing negative emotions. Meditation provides many other benefits, as well. To start a meditation practice, simply find a place where you can sit and relax. Then observe your thoughts without becoming attached to them. Once you’ve noticed them, let them go and bring your focus back to the present moment. How to Practice Basic Meditation Cultivate Mindfulness Mindfulness is the practice of becoming fully immersed in an activity, rather than in your thoughts about other things.?? Mindfulness is a great option for busy people. While it involves slowing down and focusing on one thing, it doesn’t involve stopping all activity the way traditional meditation does. Completing one activity with mindfulness can be a restorative way to clear your mind and get things done. Try cleaning a room, clearing out a closet, or cooking a healthy meal. How to Practice Mindfulness in Your Life Engage in Expressive Writing If your mind is filled with stressful feelings, it may be helpful to give in to the thoughts and express them through writing. Journaling allows you to delve deeper into the topics that plague your thoughts. By fully experiencing and examining your emotions, you may be able to brainstorm solutions and examine different ways of looking at your problems (a technique known as cognitive restructuring). When you first begin, set a time limit so you don’t get stuck in rumination. Multiple studies have found that 20 minutes is an effective amount of time for positive mental and emotional change without sliding into rumination.?? Journaling for Effective Stress Management Distract Yourself Sometimes, the best thing you can do to clear your mind is to change your focus. Get out and exercise with a friend. Get involved with a project or hobby. Lose yourself in a good book for a few minutes. Activities such as tai chi and karate can also be used to clear your mind. The simple act of distraction is an excellent way to bring positive activities into your life and take a break from stress and worry.?? Connect With Friends You may have noticed that when youre overly stressed and entrenched in rumination, youre not as much fun to be around. As a result, your relationships may suffer. Conversely, focusing on positive relationships can minimize stress and the tendency to ruminate. By strengthening your relationships, you provide yourself with a healthy coping technique. Research has found that those with strong social connections tend to use rumination less to cope with stress. These people also have lower rates of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and stress-linked inflammatory responses.?? Processing your problems with an empathetic friend can be a healthy distraction and a highly effective coping method. But even if you choose not to discuss your problems, the simple act of getting together can be useful to clear your mind. Its a fun and healthy way to deal with stress and anxiety. Avoid Ruminating One danger to watch for is the potential for co-rumination. Co-rumination involves continually revisiting and talking about problems with friends.?? This type of behavior can lead to negative feelings and exacerbate feelings of anxiety and depression. Talking to friends can be an important outlet, but it is important to remember that not all forms of support are necessarily helpful. Healthy emotional processing involves thinking about things realistically, often finding ways to solve problems or find the positives. Rumination typically involves repetitive thoughts that only focus on the negative. If you find yourself dwelling only on the negative when talking to a friend, its likely that you are engaging in non-helpful co-rumination. Look for ways to process your feelings and find support without slipping into rumination and negative thinking. How To Think Through Stress and Not Obsess

Personal Narrative My Personal Experience - 2327 Words

I turn the shiny metal handle on the door that leads to Sally’s dorm room. I open the heavy mahogany door, and start to nervously whisper, â€Å"Hey, Sal? Are you okay because I†¦ † then I see it. I stop moving. I see her hands covered in crimson. I see the rip in her jeans. I see the scissors lying on the floor next to her. I feel sick. It was the first Friday of May and also one of the first sunny days in a long time, probably since November. I was wearing my â€Å"Wellesley College† worn out, navy blue hoodie, black Nike’s, and black yoga pants. After my modern world history class, I did not really feel the â€Å"inspiration† to go to the library and study, so I met up with about ten friends at the lockers next to the student center to eat junk food,†¦show more content†¦She was extremely distant, and would not participate in activities around school. She kept skipping rehearsal for Grease, and stopped eating, as â€Å"it made her feel sick.† She would also make jokes about cutting herself or committing suicide, saying, â€Å"My life sucks, I mean†¦ I wish I could just die hahaha!† It scared me, as well as many of my friends. In fact, the day before, two of my friends and I talked about Sally’s depression and suicidal thoughts, we knew something was wrong. The first thing I noticed when I entered into the cloudy light outside was how cold it was; It was too cold to be May I thought. Then I was brought out my thoughts by soft sobs and remembered the task at hand: getting Sally back to her dorm. The first challenge was getting past the frisbee team practicing on the quad. I grabbed Sally by the hand and pulled her over to the back of Straus. We sat behind a tree in the damp grass. After a minute of excruciating silence, I asked, â€Å"Hey, Sal? Could you tell me what’s going on?† She screamed. Her scream echoed in the wide open quad. The frisbee players looked over, so I g rabbed her hand and started counting. â€Å"One, two, three†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I counted all the way to one hundred and thirty in the softest, calmest voice I could, to calm down Sally. This technique was the one my mother had always used when I had panic attacks to calm me down. After Sally had calmed down, we walked down the long path past the flagpole and the chapel, through theShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative : My Personal Experience1121 Words   |  5 PagesMy personal experience Put the gun down! Put the gun down! Pow Pow Pow. The gun shots cracked into the air as loud as thunder. One after another. We live day by day not knowing our end. In the blink of an eye our lives can be changed forever. Its life, yet even in knowing this we never expect tragedy to find us. We never expect it to affect our lives and the people we know and love. I’m going to share with you the day tragedy found my life. 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The Patriot Act Impact On America - 1428 Words

Introduction: When an incident occurs the government and public react in various has changed the mind set of many Americans. Terrorism on the rise around the world made government officials to take proper precautions and changes in protocol. Our nation attempted to prepare for the worse scenarios. Events of 9/11 shocked most citizens and government officials. In response President Bush signed the Patriot Act, however since provisions expired later President Obama had to reactivate the Patriot Act. Most citizens were unaware of reaction from our government. The Patriot Act impacted of America, the Director of National Intelligence, and the agencies that report directly towards the DNI. Topic I : Patriot Act impact in America A. Anti-terrorism Prevention B. Civil Liberties C. Media , Journalism , and Libraries Topic: II. Director of National Intelligence. A. Duties as a Director of National Intelligence. B. Previous Directors of National Intelligence. C. Director of National Intelligence Clapper. Topic III : Agencies that are effected by the Patriot Act. A. FBI B. CIA C. National Security Agency* Topic I: A. Anti – terrorism prevention The incident of 9/11 many are aware of were acts of terrorism. A popular conception were focused on hatred toward western culture. A more enforced law could be the solution for future attacks. Law enforcement and government efforts to protect citizens from terrorism is essential. Innocent people around theShow MoreRelatedImpact of the Usa Patriot Act on Local Law Enforcement1282 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of the USA Patriot Act on Local Law Enforcement Teddilane Turner PSF8200 Advanced Research in Public Safety Issues, Theory, and Concepts This paper presents the topic selected for the final Public Safety Case Analysis Project, an overview of the USA Patriot Act, its impact on local law enforcement, and the potential for net widening. 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The war ended in 1763, forcing France and Spain to cede their regions of North America to the British empire (namely, Canada and Florida). This acquisition and the resulting withdrawal of Spanish troops weakened the escaped slaves defense in refugee camps stationed in the Florida bayous. By 1768, the British parliament hadRead MoreUSA Patriot Act Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 11th 2001, technology has had an even greater impact on the field of justice studies. Rapidly advancing technology has made surveillance cheaper and easier to conceal. Tools such as wiretapping, surveillance for e-mails, and other forms of surveillance tools that were before a violation of peoples right to privacy, are now allowed to be used without probable cause. These tools now allow the FBI to find terrorists before they commit their act of violence. These surveillance tools that are now

Essay On Diabetes - 707 Words

Processing of Findings The more important questions were represented on a table and graphs. The first question asked was whether people are aware of auto immune diseases. This question was included to help find out whether people have knowledgeable about auto immune diseases. This was the stepping stone to determine whether or not they knew what Lupus was characterized as. In the 18 to 29 age group, it was noticed that they knew more about auto immune diseases. Some people mentioned the different types of auto immune diseases they knew. Some of the examples mentioned Multiple Sclerosis, Type 1 Diabetes and one person mentioned Lupus. In my opinion, I would assume that they knew more about auto immune diseases because they might have been†¦show more content†¦As mentioned before, the younger generation is more exposed to media. This is why most of them in the survey mentioned that they knew Selena Gomez (Image 3) to have Lupus because she has recently mentioned that she was diagnosed with it recently. Also, Tony Braxton (Image 4) was mentioned in the survey and she revealed the diagnosis and few years ago which is why most people are familiar. The speculation is that they might know what it is but they do not know the symptoms and implications that come with living with this disease. In the 30 and older age group, four people mentioned that they knew someone with Lupus and one person also mentioned Tony Braxton. This then means that they are more exposed to what life is like for someone who is living with Lupus and in a way; this puts them at an advantage because they might be more understanding as compared to the younger generation. [Image 3] -Diagnosed Lupus patient Selena Gomez [blog.godreports] [Image 4] -Diagnosed Lupus patient Tony Braxton [uptownmagazine] The last question asked was to find out what other people thought about diseases that are not well known. Some of the suggestions from the 18 to 29 age group were that not many have the disease which means that if more people had these unknown diseases then more awareness will be raised thus resulting in them being known. Another reason given was that people do not learn enough about them andShow MoreRelatedDiabetes Essays551 Words   |  3 PagesDiabetes There are three types of diabetes. Type I is called Diabetes Mellitus. In type I the body stops making insulin or makes small amounts. Without insulin glucose cannot get into your cells which is needed to burn for energy. Glucose will collect in the blood. Over time high levels of glucose in the blood may hurt the eyes, kidney, nerves, or heart. 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Causes Of The Cold War Essay Example For Students

Causes Of The Cold War Essay The conflict in ideologies between capitalism and communism resulted in one of the greatest conflicts of the twentieth century. The belief that freedom and democracy would die under communist rule caused the United States to start a conflict that would last for decades. The decisions made by the United States in W.W.II caused tensions to rise between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. Fear of Communism in capitalist nations, caused the United states government to use propaganda to raise Cold War anxieties. Furthermore, the American media influenced the attitudes of Americans, making a hatred of communism spread though the nation. Thus, the United States caused the conflict known as the Cold War, through its political policy and propaganda. The political relations going on in Europe during and directly after World War II had an enormous effect on laying the foundation for the Cold War. War time conferences such as Yalta and Terhran harshened the relationship between the communists and th e capitalists. At the end of W.W.II American policy towards the Soviets changed drastically. The change in president in 1945 caused relations with Russia to worsen. Furthermore, other political contributions to the Cold War entailed the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. The division of Europe between the west and east drew physical borders which outlined that the war of misinformation that had began. Also treaties of the post war world further separated the two super powers of the world for the decades to follow. The waging of hot wars through other countries also strengthened Cold War hatred.(1) The first of the cold war tensions arose out of W.W.II conferences between the Soviet Union, America and, Great Britain. Tehran, the first major conference which lead America to start the Cold War, included all three of these nations. At this conference the reshaping of post-war Europe was discussed (2) Later in February of 1945, the big three met again at Yalta. At this conference Eur opean boundaries, German reparations, and Polish elections were agreed upon.(3) Stalin, the Russian leader, agreed to hold free and fair elections. Later after Roosevelt, who attended these conferences, died Truman became president. He accused the Soviet leader, Stalin, of not holding up to his agreements at Yalta.(4) Stalin wanted to use Poland as a buffer zone to prevent any future invasions from happening through this area. During W.W.II the Soviets had lost 27 million, and Stalin made it clear that in no way would he allow this to happen again.(5) Stalin responded to Trumans accusation with the following words, I am ready to fulfill your request and do everything possible to reach a harmonious solution. But you demand too much of me. In other words, you demand that I renounce the interests of security of the Soviet Union, but I cannot turn against my country.(6) On the other hand, American General Lucius Clay, who was stationed in post war Germany commented we must have the cou rage to proceed quickly with the establishment of a government for western Germany42 million Germans in the British and American zones represent today the strongest outpost against Communist penetration that exists anywhere.(7) At this response Truman changed his attitude toward the Soviets with the words, there isnt any difference between the totalitarian Russian government and the Hitler government.(8) Furthermore, America decided to keep Stalin out of the loop about the Manhattan project, which furthered distrust, because Stalin learn about the bomb through espionage. Trumans change in attitude toward Stalin, from that of FDRs negotiation with Uncle Joe to one committed to stopping the Soviet cause, led to the creation of a new American anti-Soviet political policy. The Truman Doctrine, the name given to the policy established by Truman, would soon arise in American foreign policy. This Truman Doctrine came out of a speech the Truman gave to a joint session of congress. It was t he response Truman gave to Britain, which delcared that they no longer could give military and economic aid to Greece.(9) In this speech Truman finally gave the Cold War official status, by stating the threat that the Soviet government had on national security. In Trumans actual words he said, I believe that it must be the .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1 , .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1 .postImageUrl , .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1 , .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1:hover , .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1:visited , .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1:active { border:0!important; } .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1:active , .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1 .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u80f5f8f3bc8b1d69f8506da01ed4cbd1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: AMERICAN PATRIOTISM Essay

Winston Churchills Quote Analysis Essays - Democracy,

Winston Churchill's Quote Analysis Winston Churchills Quote on Democracy Many forms of government have been tried and will be tried in this world of sin and woe. No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government, except for all the others that have been tried from time to time. - Winston Churchill, 1947. This quote represents the views of Winston Churchill, the former Prime Minister of Great Britain, not only on democracy, but on government as a whole. By this quote Churchill meant that democracy is not perfect, and no government created so far is. Every form of government no matter how successful it is has flaws. According to Websters Dictionary the definition of government is: 1 : a government by the people; esp : rule of the majority 2 : a government in which the supreme power is held by the people. Democracy cannot function without the people, especially if the people are ignorant, ill- informed, or only care about their own interests. Building an effective democracy takes time, the people must be educated to make effective and well-informed decisions. This is one reason why democracy is failing in Russia, and one of democracys flaws. Democracy is also a very slow process; the checks and balances that help make democracy effective also makes it inefficient. Before a law is passed it spends a great deal of time in the hands of officials in Congress, and even in the hands of the president. Democracy cannot exist as a permanent form of government. It can only exist until a majority of voters discover that they can vote themselves largesse out of the public treasury.- Alexander Tyler. While this quote is not completely realistic, the idea behind it is very true. It is often said that democracy is just a tyranny of the majority. This can seem true at times, because the thoughts and ideas of a minority are not always fairly represented. In fact in a few ways a dictatorship has advantages over democracy its more efficient. A dictatorship is a very efficient form of government, and so is a oligarchy, but in those governments it can be very difficult for the views and opinions of the people to be heard. For these reasons democracy is the most just system of government thus far. Democracy works because even though the leaders of a nation are not always the wisest people, they know that they can loose their power just as quickly as they gained it if the people do not approve of what theyre doing. A Democratic society is not in any way utopian and no one pretends it is, but no society yet has been perfect, and that is thought behind Winston Churchills quote. Basically Churchill means that while democracy isnt perfect, nothing is and so far its the best form of government we have. Government

HCA Healthcare Corp Essays - General Electric, Free Essays

Columbia/HCA Healthcare Corp Essays - General Electric, Free Essays Columbia/HCA Healthcare Corp Business Level Strategy The business level strategy of GE in times past has been concentrated on providing heath care equipment to approximately 300 hospitals that were run by Columbia/HCA Healthcare Corp. But GE, run by Welch, has diversified greatly. Moving from a primarily manufacturing firm to becoming a more service oriented firm. One of the first big steps for GE to move into the services market was when Columbia allowed them to service all of their imaging equipment, including those made by GE's rivals. Differentiation The strategy of differentiation for GE is in their vision of improving the quality of their products and services. Welch decided earlier this year to improve GE quality with the expectation of boosting their revenues. Overall Cost Leader GE is already seeing a competitive advantage in streamlining their organizations that reduce operating costs and increasing revenues. In fact, they have done this so well that other organizations have been willing to hire GE as a consultant to show them the tricks of the trade that will increase their bottom lines. GE has been offering flat rate full service contracts for many of its customers that are raising the eye brows of competitors. Focus The focus for Welch has been directed on GE and GE alone. It was stated that he doesn't sit on any outside corporate boards and is devoted to the success of GE. Prospector GE is definitely categorized as a prospecting type of company. As the article outlines, GE is a company that looks for new markets and new growth opportunities and is willing to accept some level of risk. Along with successfully being involved in Medical Systems, Aircraft Engines, Power Generation, and Transportation, GE has been busy working on global computer services that appears to have phenomenal potential for them. Corporate Level Strategy As all of GE's business entities get direction from Welch on a business level strategy, he has come up with a corporate level strategy that has his competitors guessing what next? Welch appears to have enough vision to see what industry is doing as a whole and not just what the manufacturing industry is doing. This vision has driven his company to seek out opportunities that are more service orientated. Concentration The diversification of GE in recent years tends to make one believe that GE does not concentrate on just one thing. But GE has concentrated on manufacturing as its primary task in the business world. But Welch has changed that task to providing services. A company that can effectively provide a product and then turn around and be the sole service provider for that product will seemingly be in a position to where its competitor cannot touch them. Growth Penetration - GE has been able to increase its customer base by providing a complete package that includes products and services at flat or lower cost. Expansion - GE is also expanding into new areas, such as providing services for its existing product line along with the product line of its competitors. GE is also working on becoming a service provider for corporate computer networks around the world. This would put them in direct competition with IBM and EDS, companies that were not seen as competitors in the past. Globalization GE has been very strong in the international market in the past but is positioning itself with a much broader dominance by implementing a variety of services for companies abroad. Horizontal & Vertical Integration Horizontally, GE is not carving away at its competition all that much, but it wants to become much more vertical in different areas of the international business world. For whatever business GE is in, it wants to be able to dominate it from the top down. This vertical expansion goes forward as well as backward. If GE is unable to buy a given reseller or supplier it makes sure that the contract states that its customer must go through them for all aspects of the business. (i.e. products and services)

Narrative Description and Reflection Assignment

Narrative Description and Reflection - Assignment Example The book offers directions on issues relating to problem solving, critical thinking and creativity. Teachers can implement active learning by using this book to get information on previous cases and the results that were achieved. Borasi and Rose have been focusing on how to improve the college algebra course by introducing journal writing as a means of allowing students to reflect on the contents of the course and encourage them to share their feelings. This article defines the educational value of engaging students to practice journal writing. Its main objective is to show the potential contribution that writing can provide in terms of the student’s writing and communication skills and encouraging independent thinking. A journal writing process designed for classrooms is also presented with other suggestions and recommendations on how to effectively encourage personal writing. The evaluation procedures and design will save instructors time in application and improve student’s participation. This article will offer help to instructors who have not yet adopted the model of journal writing in the classes by simplifying the complexity in introducing students to writing. Emig is among the first originators of writing to learn methodology. She argues that writing presents a special way of learning different from reading, talking and listening. In this book, she differentiates the nature of writing from other means of learning while taking note of problems in courses that primarily focus on reading and listening only. The book tries to show how writing is an active learning process by defining it as an organic process that engages a person in whole. The chapters elaborate that writing involves use of the eyes, hands and the brain making it a unique multi-representational mode for learning. In the last chapter, the book relates writing to the journals and notes that are a

Media kit for small business. Galaxica Media Essay

Media kit for small business. Galaxica Media - Essay Example The role of media in the sustainability of business assumes importance as media largely act as a tool for communication and have a significant role in positioning the firm in the business market. This is completely in tune with the Morgan’s metaphors which states that the business leadership should have abilities to analyze activities and devise alternative strategies. The study would contain the media kit for the firm with regards to its maintenance of sustainability while including elements like company policies as well as financial and human resource strategies of the organization. Company Fact Sheet Company Name Galaxica Media Location & when it was founded Galaxica media was established in November 2010 in London, UK. The company is presently headquartered in London UK. Mission Statement The mission statement of Galaxica media is stated below: The company aspires to be a customized service provider that provides multimedia solutions to businesses. The company aims to provide clear and simple multimedia programs designed to meet the individual needs of retail as well as corporate clients. The company would also provide multimedia solutions at an attractive price and provide continuous customer support to ensure complete satisfaction of the customer. Products Offered Galaxica media is mainly engaged in the entertainment business industry with its main product portfolio being in the area of animations and multimedia. The company’s product offering includes customized support for web design and multimedia effects for the entertainment industry. The company also provides web design support to different organizations. The company also provides 3D visual interfaces to customers engaged in the business of providing fun and entertainment. The web design team helps different organizations to design their websites according to their individual needs. This includes use of high end graphics that are designed keeping in mind the individual needs of the customers. Customers Targeted Galaxica media targets corporate clients which includes participants of the media industry. The company’s customized products are largely being used by media houses for their entertainment programs. The main clientele of the company forms the media a nd advertisement industry players who normally outsource some of their content creation and design to other players that have expertise in the area of graphics and multimedia. The clients of the firm also include business houses that generally outsource their web design aspect to include better graphics and looks. The company also targets different public sector organizations for design and development of their websites. Corporate Social and Ethical Responsibilities of the Company Corporate social responsibilities at Galaxica media would include strategies that tend to

Overview Of The Sampath Bank Management Essay

Overview Of The Sampath Bank Management Essay Objective of this chapter is to present a general idea about the research. Hence, Chapter one is divided into eight areas such as background of the study, Objectives of the research, research problem, conceptual framework, research hypotheses, research questions, significance of the research and organization of the study. 1.1 Overview of the Sampath bank and Background of the study The dynamic nature of the new marketplace today has created a competitive incentive among many companies to consolidate and reconcile their knowledge assets as a means of creating value that is sustainable over time. Knowledge transferring is believed to be able to improve performance and productivity of the organization and knowledge transferring has been illustrated as a significant discipline in leading to positive performance in the organization (Kasim, 2008). To achieve competitive sustainability, many companies are launching extensive knowledge transferring efforts. More recently, knowledge transfer has emerged as powerful determinants of value creation in organizations. Organizations specific knowledge becomes as a necessary factor of competitive advantage (Gold, Malhotra, and Segars, 2001). The Sampath Bank has commenced its operations as a License commercial bank in 1987 with 47 employees. At present 3rd largest PCB in the contry Its vision statement, The Growing Force in Sri Lankan Financial services and values mentioned in below enhancing professional standards of internal and external customers (Sampath bank, 2012). Create a learning culture that promotes individual and organizational development as well as promoting innovation and value for customers. Treat all internal and external customers the way we would like to be treated. Encourage and promote teamwork in all aspects of behavior. Open to feedback and demonstrate an eagerness for personal development. Monitor and demonstrate an impressive commitment to results. Uncompromising ethical and professional standards of behavior The bank believes that its greatest treasure in what is truly a service industry is its investment in human capital, the high quality of management staff, motivation, dedication, and team spirit. The bank does not employ clerks and peons and ubiquitous features in most other institutions. Its staff is composed of executives assisted by secretaries, all of whom have been handpicked and adequately remunerated at levels well above prevailing market rates. Team of Sampath Bank is young and energetic, adaptable to change and are blessed with a gungkok bo attitude which in all circumstances allows us to pursue the vision and mission of the bank stridently. They are committed to constant improvement, new ideas and remain unafraid of challenges. They seek new opportunities within the knowledge based culture we permeate across the bank and this has resulted in winning accolades from all spheres of competencies. Moreover, among the corporate objectives of the bank was employ, develop and retai n a self-motivated group of employees who themselves enforce high standards of performance (Sampath bank, 2012). According to General Manager of Sampath bank the relative youth, together with the enthusiasm and the pioneering spirit of all members of the staff had laid the foundation for the development of an innovative culture which was so essential in a field as competitive as banking. Intensive training, recreation and welfare facilities transform and guided the development and skills attitudes of the team necessary to deliver superior customer satisfaction (Sampath bank, 2012). The numbers of employees and branches have been increased to 3230 and 206 respectively in 2011. It has recruited new employees parallel to the vision of accelerating the branch network with the aim of gaining competitive advantage. The Sampath Bank had to fill the new vacancies from strategic level to function level in the newly opened 35 branches. The rapid expansion did not give a room to in-house built the skilled team members to allocate for newly opened branches. Most of team members were promoted to higher potential grades than their real potential grades. Number of employees who have been worked in different department in Sampath bank utilized the opportunity to work in branches. Transferred team members were required enhancing professional standards of internal and external customers with moving from their functions to branch banking.nb Several issues can be explored with reference to knowledge transferring in Sampath Bank. This research intends to identify whether the transferred employees have been shared or gain their knowledge within the subordinate employees. The main objectives of this study to explore links between employee transfer and knowledge transfer. This study is monitoring these issues and identified ways in which they may be overcome by introducing changes to the effective knowledge transferring. Objectives of the research The purpose of this research is to examine the links between employee transfer and knowledge transfer. The following objectives will be fulfilled above aim of this study. To explore management concepts to review links between employee transfer and knowledge transfer To identify individual and organizational factors for affecting effectiveness of knowledge transfer Research problem Top corporate entities in the world are beginning to realize the significance and importance of transferring knowledge and are beginning to appreciate knowledge as the most important and valued assets that leads to organizational performance. The Sampath Bank will compete for business only on the basis of quality, price and superior service to its customers. Considering values in Sampath bank, The Bank develops a highly motivated and competent team of individuals who independently ensure that the highest standards are maintained throughout the Bank. The bank Create a learning culture that promotes individual and organizational development as well as promoting innovation and value for customers are highly focused. Promoting open to feedback and monitor commitment to results are aimed to enhance its ethical and professional standards of behavior. The Sampath bank makes every effort to train and develop team members to acquire the professional skills and knowledge they would need to use in the Bank and the bank do hope that both team members professional and personal goals will be realized in a satisfying and rewarding career at the Sampath bank. The bank encourages team members to find new and better ways of doing their job or improving their Banks systems and processes. Innovation creates value not only for customers but for team members. It would add to the quality of work life and ensure that quality work of team members. The Sampath bank considers training and development as one of the most valuable investment in realizing their enduring goals and aspirations. Work towards developing their own talents and creating a culture where team members strive to acquire and share new knowledge critical to achieve mission of the bank. The Sampath bank deploys systematic and modern learning methods to enhance knowledge and productivity. As a matter of policy, the bank provides minimum of sixty hours of training per year for every team member. The type of training will be determined by an analysis of what skills and knowledge are required by each. The analysis will consider not only what is necessary in their current job but also what they would require in successive positions in the future. Team members are generally expected to serve in a particular workstation for a minimum period of four years. However, request for a transfer from team members assigned to Branches in remote areas may be considered after completion of three years. In the event of transfer of a team member, subsequent to his/her promotion, the minimum period of three years will not apply. Except for team members identified for specialization. The Bank encourages team members to acquire the skills and knowledge they need to do their job and the future positions they will hold and to disseminate those skills and knowledge within the Bank, So that, the Banks organizational capabilities and effectiveness are always improved. Career at the bank will depend on how well team members perform in the jobs they hold and the attitudes they exhibit. The work performance will be the sole criteria for any promotion. Considering rapid expansion in Sampath bank, it has emerged more vacancies in Branch banking. In presenting issue in promoting team members who has fewer competencies in branch banking to team members in branches. Required knowledge transferring through the transferred employees is questionable. Relationship between knowledge transferring and employee transferring in the Sampath bank is vital for academic performances. Considering these events and factors less publication in banking industry have addressed the effectiveness of knowledge transferring. As such, this study effort to identify the effectiveness of knowledge transferring from transferred employees at the Sampath bank. Conceptual framework A conceptual framework represents the relationships and the type of relationships among the concepts. The conceptual framework portrayed in figure.1 explains the relevant concepts in this study, and the form of relationship between the perceptions. Figure 1.1 Conceptual framework of the study Characteristics of the Transferred Employees Employee Transfers Effectiveness of Knowledge Transferring Source: Researchers orginal constraction. Moreover, figure 1 describes an analytical model in a graphical model based on some theoretical foundations. Accordingly, the conceptual framework is developed based on theories. The model assumes transferred employees as independent and knowledge transferring as dependent. Research hypotheses Bhatti, Zaheer and Rehman (2010) studied the effect of knowledge management practices on organizational performance. Specially, the study explored the effectiveness of knowledge transferring depend on learning capability, leadership skills and experience of employees. H1: Effectiveness of knowledge transfer is influenced by characteristics of the transferred team members at the Sampath bank. Research questions How individual and organizational factors influence for the effectiveness of knowledge transfer? What are the individual characteristics affect to knowledge transfer? How transfer knowledge via transferred employees? Significance of the research The main significance of this study is to help management of The Sampath Bank identify the effectiveness of knowledge transferring from transferred employees. Effectiveness of knowledge transferring relates to Banks current business performance named as customer orientation, competent people, long term profitability and growth, image building, effectiveness leadership among major customer segments. This knowledge will enable management implement the appropriate strategies that help improve the effectiveness of knowledge transfer. On the other hand, knowledge transferring plays significance role in building up sustainable competitive advantage in Banking industry. Limitation of the study The aim of this section is to define the boundaries of the study or to enumerate how the researcher has narrowed down its focus. The survey was conducted over a period of three months. Organization of the Report The main body of this report comprises seven sections. Its structural organization is presented in Figure 1.2 given below. Chapter 03 Research methodology and framework Chapter 04 Thematic organization, presentation and Analysis of data Chapter 05 Statistics outcome. Chapter 06 Concluding remarks Chapter 01 Introduction Chapter 02 Literature review Source: Researchers orginal constraction. The introduction that comprises a glimpse of the study, focusing on the context, the objectives of the study, an overview of the Sampath bank in Sri Lanka, the research issue and empirical setting of the research. it also provides an account of limitations that the researcher has set for defining the boundaries of the study. Chapter two contains a review of past research on the topics covered in this study. In this section, some important findings of past studies are outlined, while attention is paid to their methodological concerns. A special feature of thhhis literature review is the emphasis placed on bringing to the fore findings of knowledge transferring and characteristics of employees. The research methodology and framework of the study are presented in chapter three. Key areas addressed therein include the case study research strategy employed, units of analysis, the method of sampling, methods of data collection, the quality of research strategy and the research framework. The foundation for this study as developed in the preceding two sections leads to the development of a conceptual framework as a piece of original work of the researcher, which has strengthened the researchers endeavor to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the subject. Chapter four and five which are based on Knowledge transferring and transferred employees. Chapter Four explains the methodology, adopted in this study in order to empirically test the research hypotheses. Moreover, the chapter presents findings, statistics outcomes and facts. Chapter Five comprises of a review of data collection, followed by a detailed review of the factor analysis.in addition, objectives of the study, evaluate hypotheses and limitations are presented. And, it presents the similarities and differences between knowledge transfers and employee transfers with special reference to the organization of knowledge transferring function and job transfer. Chapter six presents findings and concluding remarks of the study. Latter part of this section documents presents limitations of the study, inviting the attention of academics, researchers, scholars and practitioners to understand how they could plan future research taking cognizance of these limitations. Potential research would essentially contribute to broadening the horizons of the body of knowledge and wisdom on knowledge transferring as an academic and professional discipline. Literature Review 2.0 Introduction to the chapter The purpose of this chapter is to present the literature review related to the concepts incorporated in the study. This chapter consists of sections such as definition of knowledge, definition of knowledge management, types of knowledge, importance of knowledge, knowledge and organizational performance, knowledge transferring, knowledge transferring and competitive advantage, factors affecting for knowledge transferring, effectiveness of knowledge transferring and knowledge transferring in financial institutions and Individual characteristics and knowledge transferring. Meanwhile 2.1 Knowledge and Knowledge transferring Knowledge is fluid mixes of framed experience, values, contextual information and expert insight that provides a framework for evaluating and incur pirating new experiences and information or Knowledge is about people, relationship. Communities and new ways of working Tan (2010) reviewed that knowledge are the two types of knowledge such as explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. Information systems which achieved by organization named as explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge refers to informal knowledge which gain through work experiences. Most scholars divide knowledge into two types such as explicit knowledge or information, and tacit knowledge or know-how (Hussain. Lucas. and Ali., 2004). The key to knowledge is capturing intellectual assets for the tangible benefits for the organization. As such, imperatives of knowledge is to transform knowledge to add value to the processes and operations of the business, leverage knowledge strategic to business to accelerate growth and innovation and use knowledge to provide a competitive advantage for the business. (Hussain. Lucas. and Ali., 2004). Knowledge management is an organizational discipline bridging information demand and supply in support of learning processes within organizations (Curado.n.d.). Knowledge management enables the communication of knowledge from one person to another so that it can be used by the other person. (Hussain. Lucas. and Ali. , 2004). Knowledge transfer (KT), knowledge retention (KR), and knowledge utilization (KU) are identified as components of knowledge management systems.( Gayton, 2009). Knowledge transfer revealed by Makino (1990) typically has been used to describe the movement of knowledge between different units, divisions, or organizations rather than individuals. This is described Tan,(2010) and Disterer (2001) by stating Knowledge transferring can be defined as a social interaction culture involving the exchange of employee knowledge, experiences and knowledge through the whole department or organizations. However, Gayton (2009) concluded knowledge transferring is not only between departments. The process of knowledge can be transferred through one channel to another channel such as group, department and branch. Therefore, Knowledge transfer means knowledge sharing within an organization between individual and groups (Trautman,2011). 2.2 Significance of Knowledge transferring Most knowledge organizations, uses multiple knowledge management tools to transfer knowledge. With the result of knowledge transfer any organization that competes with other organizations in the marketplace on quality, price, or customer loyalty. (Schlomer, Anderson and Shaw,1997). Due to the, emergence of personal networks and applications, knowledge transferring and capturing are becoming more on-demand. And, Organizations must continuously update their knowledge resource to stay in the competition (Bhatti, Zaheer and Rehman, 2010). Knowledge transferring is necessary for companies because what worked yesterday may or may not work tomorrow because, market needs are changing rapidly. Knowledge is a vital factor for financial institutions. Use the knowledge management system enhances continuous improvement and innovation to gain competitive advantage. Demands from customers and Human resources require transfer knowledge within the organization (Rasoulinezhad,n.d.). 2.3 Factors that Influence Knowledge Sharing There is a scarcity of research specifically in the area of knowledge sharing between individuals in organizations, and empirical evidence has just begun to uncover some of the complex dynamics that exist in processes related to knowledge sharing. Based on a review of theory and research related to knowledge sharing, the following have been identified as the major factors that influence knowledge sharing between individuals in organizations: the nature of knowledge, motivation to share, opportunities to share, and the culture of the work environment. 2.3.1 Nature of Knowledge Knowledge by its very nature exists in both tacit and explicit forms. However, with the increasing recognition of the importance of knowledge in organizations, different types of knowledge have also begun to be valued differently within organizations. These two characteristics of the nature of knowledge, tackiness and explicitness of knowledge, and the value attributed to knowledge have a significant influence on the way knowledge is shared within organizations. 2.3.2 Tacit and explicit knowledge. The dominant classification of knowledge in organizations divides it into two types, tacit and explicit. The critical differences between these two types are found in three major areas codifiability and mechanisms for transfer, methods for acquisition and accumulation, and the potential to be collected and distributed (Lam, 2000). The concept of tacit knowledge was first presented by Polanyi (1966), who argued that a large part of human knowledge cannot be articulated and made explicit easily. Tacit knowledge can be thought of as the know-how that is acquired through personal experience (Nonaka, 1994). It is therefore not easily codifiable and cannot be communicated or used without the individual who is the knower. Tacit knowledge also tends to be sticky in nature. Lam (2000) defined stickiness as the incremental expenditure involved in moving knowledge in a form that is useable and easily understood by the information seeker. According to Lam, stickiness for the knowledge supplier c omes from the tackiness of the knowledge that has to be shared, whereas absorptive capacity creates stickiness for the knowledge user. Therefore, tackiness of knowledge is a natural impediment to the successful sharing of knowledge between individuals in organizations. Explicit knowledge, on the other hand, can be easily codified, stored at a single location, and transferred across time and space independent of individuals (Lam, 2000). It is easier to disseminate and communicate (Schulz, 2001). Explicit knowledge therefore has a natural advantage over tacit knowledge in terms of its ability to be shared relatively easily among individuals. However, just because explicit knowledge is easily transferred across individuals and settings, it should not be assumed that it is easily shared in organizations. Weiss (1999) argued that the ability to articulate knowledge should not be equated with its availability for use by others in the organization. To support this point, he made a distinct ion between explicit knowledge that is easily shared with that which is not by introducing the notion of rationalized knowledge and embedded knowledge within the context of professional services organizations. Rationalized knowledge is general, context independent, standardized, and public. Weiss suggested that because this knowledge has been separated from its original source and is independent of specific individuals, this knowledge is readily shared and available to all those who seek it. Embedded knowledge, on the other hand, is context dependent, narrowly applicable, personalized, and may be personally or professionally sensitive. Therefore, explicit knowledge that is embedded in nature is not likely to be easily shared among individuals. However, knowledge must be seen as more than just explicit and tacit in nature. Regardless of whether knowledge is tacit or explicit, the value attributed to it also has a significant impact on whether and how individuals share it. 2.3.3 Value of knowledge Knowledge is increasingly perceived as being commercially valuable, and its ownership is being recognized by both individuals and the organizations they work in (Brown Woodland, 1999). When individuals perceive the knowledge they possess as a valuable commodity, knowledge sharing becomes a process mediated by decisions about what knowledge to share, when to share, and who to share it with (Andrews and Delahaye, 2000). In situations in which it is valued highly, individuals may tend to claim emotional ownership of knowledge (Jones and Jordan, 1998). This sense of ownership comes from the fact that in several settings, individual knowledge is linked to status, career prospects, and individual reputations (Andrews and Delahaye, 2000). The sharing of such knowledge is a complex process, and Jones and Jordan (1998) found that it involved, among other things, the extent to which individuals perceived themselves to be valued by their organization. Certain types of knowledge are valued highly by both individuals and organizations. For example, knowledge related to research and development is valued highly because of its commercial and scientific value. Research suggests that in research and development organizations, creative power resides in a relatively small number of individuals (Armbrecht et al., 2001), creating issues of ownership particularly because it is linked to tangible outcomes such as creation of new products, patents, research grants, and individual incomes. Therefore, in highly competitive environments or those in which knowledge has high commercial value, there exists a dilemma resulting from contradictory incentives to share knowledge and to withhold it. In organizations in which an individuals knowledge becomes his or her primary source of value to the firm, sharing this knowledge might potentially result in diminishing the value of the individual, creating a reluctance to engage in knowledge-sharing activities. Professionals, in particular, tend to guard their knowledge as they perceive that their own value to the firm is a product of the knowledge they possess (Weiss, 1999). Any reluctance to share knowledge is further heightened in situations characterized by uncertainties and insecurities, such as mergers and acquisitions (Armbrecht et al., 2001). 2.3.4 Motivation to Share Knowledge is intimately and inextricably bound with peoples egos and occupations and does not flow easily across the organization. According to Stenmark (2001), People are not likely to share knowledge without strong personal motivation. Motivational factors that influence knowledge sharing between individuals can be divided into internal and external factors. Internal factors include the perceived power attached to the knowledge and the reciprocity that results from sharing. External factors include relationship with the recipient and rewards for sharing. Knowledge as power, the increasing importance given to knowledge in organizations, and the increasing value attributed to individuals who possess the right kind of knowledge are conducive to creating the notion of power around knowledge. If individuals perceive that power comes from the knowledge they possess, it is likely to lead to knowledge hoarding instead of knowledge sharing. According to Brown and Woodland, individuals use knowledge for both control and defense (Armbrecht et al., 2001).In a competitive environment, withholding knowledge from those considered competitors is often regarded as being useful to attaining ones goals. Power politics is therefore an important aspect of knowledge sharing in organizations (Weiss, 1999). Blackler, Crump, and McDonald (1998) concurred with the notion that knowledge can be perceived as a source of power in organizations. They suggested that because knowledge is always situated within a particular context, it is natural that culture and power dynamics within the context affect the way knowledge is perceived and used. Reciprocity or the mutual give-and-take of knowledge can facilitate knowledge sharing if individuals see that the value-add to them depends on the extent to which they share their own knowledge with others. Reciprocal acts as those in which individuals help others and share information without negotiation of terms and without knowledge of whether or when the other will reciprocate. Reciprocity as a motivator of knowledge sharing implies that individuals must be able to anticipate that sharing knowledge will prove worthwhile (Weiss, 1999). It is the expectation that those involved in sharing knowledge will be able to acquire or benefit from some of the value created by their involvement. Empirical evidence for the relationship between reciprocity and knowledge sharing indicates that receiving knowledge from others stimulates a reciprocal flow of knowledge in the direction of the sender both horizontally and vertically in organizations (Schulz, 2001). Support for the relationship between reciprocity and knowledge sharing was also found by Hall (2001). Reciprocity is also thought to be a motivator of knowledge sharing in communities of practice where knowledge sharing results in enhancing participants expertise and providing opportunities for recognition. 2.3.5 Opportunities to Share Opportunities to share knowledge in organizations can be both formal and informal in nature. Formal opportunities include training programs, structured work teams, and technology-based systems that facilitate the sharing of knowledge. Stenmark (2001) referred to these asformal interactions, and Hall (2001) called them purposive learning channelsthose that are designed to explicitly acquire and disseminate knowledge. Informal opportunities include personal relationships and social networks that facilitate learning and the sharing of knowledge Weiss (1999) referred to these informal opportunities as relational learning channels. Purposive learning channels provide individuals with a structured environment in which to share knowledge. Armbrecht et al (2001) identified some formal interventions that facilitate knowledge sharing in organizations, from basic instructions to share knowledge, to more complex interventions such as Nominal Group Technique and the Delphi Technique. However, knowledge shared through formal channels tends to be mainly explicit in nature (Yang ,2007) The advantages of purposive learning channels are that they are able to connect a large number of individuals and they allow for the speedy dissemination of shared knowledge, especially through electronic networks and other technology-based systems. Empirical evidence for successful knowledge sharing through formal channels was found by Chini (2004) and Tan (2010) Although purposive learning channels play an important role in facilitating knowledge sharing, research indicates that the most amount of knowledge is shared in informal settings through the relational learning. Relational channels facilitate face-to-face communication, which allows for the building of trust, which in turn is critical to sharing knowledge. These informal opportunities to interact with other people help individuals develop respect and friendship, which influences their behavior Lim (2005) called this relation al embeddedness the kind of personal relationships that people develop when they interact with each other over a period of time. 2.3.6 Culture of the Work Environment The factors described above are important to understanding the manner in which knowledge is shared between individuals. However, all of these factors are influenced by the culture of the work environment the culture of the subunit and/or the culture of the organization at large. Organizational culture is increasingly being recognized as a major barrier to effective knowledge creation, sharing, and use (Weiss,1999). Organizations are essentially cultural entities Lim (2005) and therefore, regardless of what organizations do to manage knowledge, the influences of the organizations culture are much stronger. Dyer (1998) defined culture as a pattern of basic assumptions that is developed by a group as they grapple with and develop solutions to everyday problems. When these assumptions work well enough to be considered valid, they are taught to new members as the appropriate way to approach these problems. Schein further added that a key part of every culture is a set of assumptions about how to determine or discover what is real and how members of a group take an action, how they determine what is relevant information, and when they have enough of it, to determine whether to act and what to do. Culture is therefore reflected in the values, norms, and practices of the organization, where values are manifested in norms that in turn shape specific practices (Kasim, 2008). Weiss (1999) identified certain aspects of organizational culture that influence knowledge sharing culture shapes assumptions about which knowledge is important, it control

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Essay -- essays resea

Organizational Behavior Organizations have been described as groups of people who work interdependently toward some purpose. This definition clearly indicates that organizations are not buildings or pieces of machinery. Organizations are, indeed, people who interact to accomplish shared objectives. The study of organizational behavior (OB) and its affiliated subjects helps us understand what people think, feel and do in organizational settings. For managers and, realistically, all employees, this knowledge helps predict, understand and control organizational events. There are not two identical organizations. When you look for a job you look for a place that is comfortable to you. Organization behavior is the way we study the people of organizations. All depends on your choice of a small business or a business in the Fortune 500. The way the organization runs itself is something that you have to â€Å"fit in.† This essay is going to guide you through the many different termino logies and concepts. Organization learning is defined as, â€Å"the process of acquiring knowledge and utilizing information to adapt successfully to changing circumstances† (Schermerhorn 5). This course that we are taking is just one example of organization learning. There are people out there that study organization learning of the businesses out there. This is where you get your comparisons of different organizations. This course has made me look different at the organization that I work for. The world today i...

Background and Methodology of the Research Process- Childhood Obesity

For some time there has been a largely growing concern about the junk food made available in schools and how it contributes to childhood obesity. In this article it is discovered through research among fifth graders that the junk food that is available in schools does not significantly increase the BMI or obesity of these students. This research was aided from the amount of junk food available and the amount purchased. Problem to Solve The problem that this article focuses on is childhood obesity. Childhood obesity in the United States is highest it has ever been with practically one-third of all children and adolescents considered overweight or obese (Datar, A, & Nicosia, N 2012). Therefore most of the focus has been on the schools in hopes to find this as the cause of the epidemic. There has been debates on the nutritional value of schools competitive foods and believe them to be the largest source of junk food. Purpose It seems as though the purpose of this study is to inform or let the reader know about the statistics behind childhood obesity and the junk food available at schools. They may have wanted the reader to be aware of the risks of childhood obesity that comes directly from the foods that their child may be buying from the schools vending machines or from the a la carte options. This is believed to truly not be the reasons for the increase in obesity of children. This articles purpose is to make it aware that it could also come from what they are eating outside the schools and what type of exercise they are getting (Datar, A, & Nicosia, N 2012). Competitive foods can be found in many schools, there is a difference in what is available to elementary, middle and high schools. 7% of high schools and 82% of middle schools have vending machines that students have access to, but in elementary schools there is only 17% that have vending machines. A la carte options are also a huge source of food sales. These a la carte lines are largely available in all grade levels, with 93% availability in high school, 92% in middle school, and a surprising 71% in elementar y schools (Datar, A, & Nicosia, N 2012). Research Question A research question is basically the first step that a researcher must conduct before starting the research. It is known as the methodological point and any questions that are asked should be answered during the research (Datar, A, & Nicosia, N 2012). It should be defined clearly as well as accurately. It can be used for qualitative and quantitative research. This step allows the researcher to figure out what he or she wants to know the most (Datar, A, & Nicosia, N 2012). This article did clearly state a question, these questions were for the fifth graders asking them what they are eating at school and at home or what type of exercise they are getting. A study was done in the fall on 1998 of kindergarten, and in the spring another was conducted on first, third, and fifth graders. This study got information from the kids, their parents, and the teachers. They collected information on their social, emotional, physical development, BMI, and their environment in and out of school. The only information that was used was that of the fifth graders. The study was taken in 2003-2004 school year from 9,380 fifth graders in both private and public schools. In the questionnaire they were asked about how often and how much of a certain food they ate during the past week. The kids were also asked to include any food that they also ate outside of school, including if they may have went to a friend’s house or to a restaurant. School administration and the children of the fifth grade gave information on the availability of junk food within the schools. The administrators stated that an average of 17 junk food items were available through vending machines, the school stores, snack bar, or from the a la carte that the children can purchase. Hypothesis A research hypothesis is a statement created by the researcher, and it is a speculation of what they believe the outcome will be. This article does not have a hypothesis directly stated; the authors only provide statistics within each paragraph. If there were to be a hypothesis it would state that the food did or did not cause the obesity of the children or if it were a direct result of their home lives and not just the schools fault (Datar, A, & Nicosia, N 2012). Independent and Dependent Variables An independent and dependent variable are two different variables. An independent variable is a variable that can be wielded by the researcher. It s basically a hypothesized to influence or affect the dependent variable. The independent variable is measured from the researcher. The researcher assigns an experimental or a controlled condition to the participants. The independent variables would be the surveys and what they say prior to the participants taking the survey (Datar, A, & Nicosia, N 2012). The dependent variables would be the participants that partake in the research. Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework is used in research to give details or to create an outline of what the possible actions may be. It is used to try and connect the aspects of the topic. The theoretical framework that was conducted in this article was what the relationship between a parent’s perception of their child’s BMI and obesity and what the school’s role is in preventing as well as treating the children’s obesity issues. (Datar, A, & Nicosia, N 2012). Literature Review Literature review is important because it allows the researcher to discover what has already been discovered and what has not. It gives them a chance to create a research strategy that works best for them. It gives them a chance to avoid other researcher’s mistakes. Instead of surveying the school nurses or random people, the researchers in this article asked the fifth grade children how they felt and what they feel is important to keep children on a healthy track so that they do not become obese (Datar, A, & Nicosia, N 2012). Study Design There are many research designs that can be used. Descriptive design, correlation studies, semi-experimental designs, experimental designs, reviewing other research, and test study before conducting full-scale study. This article is more of a descriptive design because it was based off surveys (Datar, A, & Nicosia, N 2012). In schools students have access to so many foods and drinks that are full of sodium and sugars. These children can purchase things like candies, chocolate, cookies, salty snacks, and even ice cream. They also have access to drinks that are nothing but sugars and caffeine. Many of these children are consuming more junk food outside of the schools then they are within the schools and are not getting the proper xercise they need to burn all those extra calories they are consuming. The schools cannot give children all the physical activity that they need in a day. Children need to also be active outside of school because the little activity that they get while in school is not enough for any child to keep their BMI down. I do know that there are more and more schools that are removing the junk food from the vending machines or making that these vending machines are only in use dur ing thinks like sporting events or other after school activities. Childhood obesity is a growing issue, and there are many contributions to this problem. Children spend much of their lives at school, so changing the ways that schools handle health issues is important. By removing vending machines, providing more healthy programs, and allowing more physical activities can be a positive start. What the children learn in school can be brought into their home lives and when the school nurses, parents, and children are all on the same page healthier changes might start to show and the level of childhood obesity may start to decrease.