Auto Mobile vs Amusement Park Safety Essay Example for Free

Auto Mobile vs amusement Park Safety Es presupposeAutomobiles now be built with many different safety features, and these are so the person(s) within the vehicle do non get injured and or killed. alike these features are not to only protect the people(s) moreover also the company that the automobile came from, so for example if someone was driving a auto and got into a serious wreck and the air bags did not deploy therefore injuring the victim then they could sue the automobile company for money, a new railcar, pain and suffering, etc. Some of these safety features include Brakes, Airbags, seat belts, and more. When talking about brakes in a car youre going to want to know what it is your get because there are many different options in brakes, some examples of this being your regular brakes like you push down the peddle softly and the car with take leave to slow down or Anti-Lock Brakes or ABS, The primary purpose of anti-lock brakes is to prevent a cars wheels from locking during panic braking.By allowing the car to slow in a more controlled manner, the driver can often maintain better steering control and avoid an accident. Brakes can easy be interpreted by Newtons first law of motion which states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. So a car is moving along the road and the car steps of the gas now the car will eventually stop from the friction of the pavement to the tires hardly lets say it doesnt.So while the car is moving at the speed you let off the gas the car will keep moving at the aforementioned(prenominal) speed unless acted on by an opposing force which in this case are the brakes. Know the brakes are applied and what brakes do is they but force of the tiers of the car and that produces friction on the tiers which in term slow the tires down thus slowing the car down. Airbags in a car are extreme safety features bec ause they keep a person(s) from potentially coming out of the front window seat belts will also do the same but with a little more added protection.So say a car were to hit you from behind what would happen? Well besides your car being wrecked. The body(s) would start moving onward. This is because of part of Newtons first law of motion which states a body at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted upon by another force. So your car is sitting at a stop light but the car behind you does not stop so they pasture into the back of you well your body will fly forward. Because you were at rest and then a force came and pushed you out of rest therefore moving you in the same direction as the car that hit you.So the air bag and seat belt are there to stop you from flying forward and getting severely injured. Amusement park rides and cars have some of the same safety features and even if there not called the same thing they do the same thing for example a seat belt in a car is the same a s the harness on a roller coaster. In my opinion I find roller coasters safer then cars because there are equipped with the same features but there are few outside forces to smother with it unlike a car.Because unless due to a technical problem a roller coaster cart will not smash into another roller coaster cart. Amusement park rides also have brakes most of these are more heavy duty breaks then car but then again your victorious a one ton car vs. a potentially one hundred ton ride so youre going to need that unneeded power to help. Some would argue that to many safety features on an amusement park ride can take the thrill away, I would have to disaccord with that because I myself have been on many and I feel thrill every single time.But in a ride if there are many safety features then usual then that will typically mean that the ride is potentially more dangerous than a lesser safety featured ride and this can be because of high speeds, higher altitudes and so on. So if you co me to a ride with many safety features its not because they want to take away the thrill but because they want to make you safe and once again like automobile companys not get sued.

Addiction for Plastic Surgeries Essay Example for Free

Addiction for Plastic Surgeries EssayPlastic functioning is a medical field that deals with reshaping some luggage compartment deformities that may take on occurred due to birth defects or accidents. It is also used for other purposes such as treating diseases and beauty purposes. An example of a disease which passel be treated through credit card functioning is melanoma. If plastic performance is carried out for younger looks or beauty purposes, it is referred to as cosmetic surgical process. This paper go out directly address the issue of cosmetic surgery since it is what has ca-cad plastic surgeries dependance all over the world. See more Recruitment and selection process tryCosmetic surgeries are never related to any medical condition and are normally done to enhance the physical appearance of an individual. Cosmetic surgery addicts are easily identifiable due to the numerous surgeries they undergo each time claiming that they are non happy with their looks. Many victims of cosmetic surgery back up from a medical condition known as Body Dimorphic Disorder (BDD). This mental disorder has made people imagine that they look incompatible from others and there is a need for surgery so that they can improve their looks. DiscussionCosmetic surgery is a major problem today as a number of people who are wedded to it are doing it repeatedly in order to achieve their imaginary beauty. This practice is becoming frequent and in many instances it is affecting women as they try to change and improve their physical appearances. The problem with such kind of people only exists in their mind because it is touchy to view yourself as being ugly from others, it is only a perception. If you view yourself as being ugly from others, the problem will never end level off if you undergo so many plastic surgeries.This perception will directly influence the level of your happiness and accepting yourself the way you are. The practices of undergoing plastic surgery repeatedly in order to feel happy and look like the ones you view as more beautiful than yourself is what doctors refer to as BDD. This condition normally affects twain male and females under the age of 18 equally (Gorbis, 2003). People paltry from BDD use plastic surgery as a solution to their unending dissatisfaction with their carcass physical appearance (Gorbis, 2003).Almost all people who suffer from BDD seek solution to cosmetic surgery. As a surgeon, you should be able to discover someone trauma from this medical condition and recommend him/her to a psychologist. Any invention has both positive and negative sides but plastic surgery addiction would cause more harm to the body compared to the benefits associated with it. For instance, it can damage the skin and muscle tissue of an individual permanently. Another well-known harm caused by plastic surgery addiction is the permanent nerve damage.This may result to permanent loss of feeling and sensation in all the affected a reas of an individual who shed undergone plastic surgery repeatedly. Many individuals who undergo plastic surgery repeatedly to perfect their physical appearances in most fictional characters end up with irreversible damage that crap them look awful compared to their original appearances. Plastic surgery addiction cause more harm to the physical appearance of people with BDD instead of enhancing it. People suffering from BDD undergo plastic surgery so that they can attract attention from the public. They later regret when things go wrong.This is an indication that it should be discouraged and people suffering from BDD should be referred to a Psychiatrist or psychologist instead of a surgeon. Plastic surgery is not cost friendly at all. The operation is very pricey and its outcomes are sometimes not worth the price. What the addicted victims fail to understand is that, plastic surgery operation can only result to two things. That is, a great success or a failure. This means that, the more operations you undergo, the higher the risk of failure (Pruitt, 2009). Many individuals who are addicted to plastic surgery are attracted by what they see in the media.They watch successful surgeries of famous celebrities and think that it might as well work on. This is not usually the case and the individuals we watch on the media having successful surgeries sometimes develop problems at a later date. Plastic surgery addiction is very different from drugs and other things addiction in that it fulfills people physiological needs. Therefore, it is normally difficult for individuals who are not satisfied with their physical appearance to stop plastic surgery. This is something they are viewing in the mirror now and then.If they are not satisfied with what they see, they will definitely run to a surgeon so that the body part they feel is not well placed can be rectified. The problem with such an individual is that he/she is likely not to be satisfied with many body parts. Thu s, resulting to a series of plastic surgeries so as to be satisfied with his/her physical appearance. In my opinion, I would only recommend plastic surgery to individuals who have a medical problem. I would never encourage cosmetic surgery because it is doing more harm than enhancing appearance of individuals who are undertaking it.Most people who are addicted to cosmetic surgeries perceive themselves in the wrong manner. They normally have their imaginary images on their minds which they think they can turn to after the operation. This normally does not kick the bucket and that is why they undergo so many operations before they realize they are destroying their images. Plastic surgery should only be carried out under medical conditions not for pleasure. Pictures are all over the internet showing how plastic surgery addiction has caused a number of celebrities to lose their good looks.Cosmetic surgery is not good at all because it has not worked well for people who have done it. Th ey are suffering from negative impacts of plastic surgery addiction. It should be therefore be discouraged unless under medical conditions. Conclusion Plastic surgery is not bad if it is used for solving a medical condition. However, having a plastic surgery for beauty purposes or look young should be discouraged by all means. It should be discouraged because it might possibly occupy to addiction. Physicians as well as public awareness concerning BDD should be increased to control the unnecessary plastic surgeries.Doctors should also try their best to identify tumultuous patients so that they can direct them to psychologist or psychiatrist who can advise them. There are other treatments other than surgeries which can help people who have problems with their physical appearance. Psychologist and psychiatrists can really assist individuals with plastic surgeries addiction. The only problem to the control of this addiction is that cosmetic and plastic surgery is so accessible and doc tors have not provided a regulation on the number of surgeries an individual should undergo in a given period.

A history of social policy changes

A history of complaisant policy changesWith reference to changes in organization policy and ideologies of welf atomic number 18, arguing the signifi potbellyce of the shift from Victorian Pauper to 21st century religious utility drug drug user and its impact on affable work practice and values.This assignment has used a timeline of government activity changes and policies as a background to debate the shift from Victorian pauper to the 21st century service user. The divide amongst paltry and rich has ever been an issue that all in all governments rescue tried to diminish victimisation different policies and laws. However there is bland that divide that seems to be increasing. Has much changed since the scant(p) equity was implemented? Are undivideds given more choice and rights now? Will there always be stigma tie and social exclusion that comes from using these words, do they still hit the alike meaning? This assignment will attempt to answer these questions using references to policy and ideologies of welf be.The definition of a Pauper according to the collins dictionary is someone who is extremely poor or historically eligible for public charity.The definition of a service user is someone who uses or receives wellness or social care operate. (General social care council)According to Sen, 1999 the frontier service user was introduced because of gained strength of powerless people during the 1980s. This term indicates an acknowledgement of the government and public, understanding that service users have a positive role. They still have capabilities and can realise their potential, they are not barely individuals who are entitled to function via the services we offer. Although this term was produced by the individuals who use the services it still highlights that they work with workals and that the power still resides with them. (Adams, Dominelli and Payne, 2009) The National network of service users Shaping our lives believe that the term service user is positive, its an individual who uses the services, they confer power creating a stronger voice and having a greater ability to shape services. (Levin 2004)The changes in policy from Pauper to service user have been vast. British social policys foundation is from the Poor constabularys, the first one passed in 1598 the last 1948.The Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 generated a compulsory poor rate and encourageed set the poor onto work. However as the Parish was the basic area of administration laws were en vehemenced differently in that area, meaning the operation of the Poor Law was inconsistent between areas, the beginning of the postcode lottery. The Poor Law amendment act of 1834 modified the existing system that was in place, it was implemented at a high stage not just at Parish level ,Poor Law unions were introduced the development of the workhouses was encouraged, one workhouse in each union to give poor relief. This act state that no able bodied per son was to receive any different help other than in the workhouse. This laws primary problem was to maintain life internal as bad as emergeside of the workhouse, this was difficult as some would have had to be starved to meet what they met outside. There was a stigma attached though and it was that reputation that stopped e very(prenominal)one from using a workhouse, they produced jail style segregation men and women and even families had to be separated.As the government thought this was the topper way to help the neediest families they saw no problems with this Act. In fact the neediest families still werent using the help and going into a workhouse because they didnt want to be separated. Not irrelevant families immediately that still dont ask for help because of the stigma or because they dont know or understand the system implemented to help them as much as possible.It was in 1869 that The Charitable Organisation Society was formed to make charities more effective, they u nders in like mannerd that charitable assistance was needed except believed that their aim was to reach all families, they were also unsure of how the money from charities had previously been spent. They set out monetary help introducing local committees, these then raised funds and distributed to families in need. Also very similar to umteen charities today, there are still many families who dont ask for help because of religion, language, pride or just werent told. (Family action)COS found that it wasnt just financial help that people needed, so they started to offer emotional and practical help too. When they had many families needing help they knew there volunteers would need training, this became the pioneer in the profession of social work, something that our foundations are based on today. The main foundation of COS was to change policy to help the people suffering the effects of pauperisation, something that social workers do now, the oecumenical council of social work ers are still working to help those suffering the most and work towards giving help to those who have unable to find help elsewhere and give social work support as well as signpost to other services that may help them further.From this time more acts were introduced including the globe health act of 1872. During this time poverty was never really defined they understood what brought it about like unemployment or illness, if they had defined poverty it may have helped introduced different acts to prevent it.In the 1900s poverty was ever increasing, the settlement movement started its idea was to establish settlement houses in poor areas with the idea that the middle human body would volunteer to live with them, sharing their knowledge and help alleviate the poverty of their poor neighbours. From this movement many initiatives emerged and helped to improve conditions of all poor areas of society and help all individuals. This movement focused on the causes of poverty providing a num ber of services including education and health services. This settlement movement is another foundation of social work practice today, no we dont live with the individuals in need, but the whole reason of social work is to use our education and knowledge to alleviate the problems they have and help them emotionally, practically and financially, which is just what these volunteers did. Although some argued that this was normative because some wanted the divide between the poor and higher classes. (Laybourn, 1995) Although this movement was substantial the more coercive COS submerged as the controversial nature of social work, there was individuals that were not eligible for help these were still at the workhouse, and most of these individuals were women who bore baby birdren out of wedlock. Although the settlement movement was also necessary in society in focusing on poverty, it focused on a more structured analyses of poverty and its impact on human behaviour by practising interv entions at a community level, which is needed now to help small communities help each other as well as individually. The nature of social work practice then focused on individuals and a significant element of this time is the voiding of hearing clients voices and the incomparable knowledge of the professionals working with them. Only now is the service users voice being recognised again. (Adams et al, 2009)The Poor Law was the basis of the development of services for the 20th century, including the study insurance act, these new services were introduced to avoid having to rely on the Poor Laws. (Alcock, 2003) The government laid the basis of the future social services, the major(ip)(ip) concern was that all areas should be given the same services, these new services were provided away from The Poor Law to evade the association. Even though these new ideologies were introduced to provide services to all individuals there was still a stigma attached, even now there is still a stigma attached to the term service user, although governments have changed their policies to use different terms some still have the same meaning.A major report produced regarding the welfare of individuals was the Beveridge report. This report focused on how Britain could be rebuilt after the war. In 1945 labour was elected and promised to introduce a welfare state. The welfare state involved introducing new services these included family allowances, the national health services and housing acts to name a few. The welfare state was produced to encourage the provision of services for the public not as a response to poverty. (Laybourn, 1995) this is where a major criticism lies within debates regarding the welfare state within current governments. In the 1950s the provision of welfare state services became problematic, government interventions at the time didnt help and caused further problems so the Conservative government took over and cut the help given to the poor and sick. This then made the dispersal of income more imbalanced and although attempted to make the poor more hardworking and self sufficient it didnt work. One report that impacted policy and practice during the mid-sixties was the Seabohm report 1968, this report re-introduced poverty. This paper was tasked to review the organisation and responsibilities of the local authority personal social services in England and to consider what changes are desirable to steady-going an effective family service. (Seebohm, 1968, pg11.) Prior to this report social work was spread across various local authorities and different government sections, because of this the report found that there was inadequacies in the tincture of provision and access was very difficult. The report recommended a new local authority department providing a community based and family oriented service, which will be available for all When this recommendation was brought into action new social services department were formed. Seebohm did f oresee problems which were highlighted in the report, it stated that having separate departments for children and adults would make it difficult to treat the familys needs as a whole.Another important Report was the Barclay Report, 1982 that looked into the role of a social worker, in its opening line it states that too much is expected of social workers. It found that it was a profession that was confused about its role and because of intense media scrutiny was struggling with its work load. It found that there was an ongoing need for social workers to fulfil many functions including promoting community networks, working with other services and acting on clients behalf and to act as resources for all individual who need help. The report did criticise social work departments for taking a reactive stance towards social problems, dealing with those needs which are forced upon their attention but failing to develop overall plans which link the voluntary, volunteer, statutory and priva te services in an area into a coherent plan (p.38) which is still a problem today.Although these reports have all highlighted how entire social work is and how much its needed there are so many problems involved in the profession. for the first time because every government have changed the way the work as soon as they get used to it, it changes again, yes the changes could be for the better but are these just changes for changes sake? The labour government have imposed new policies and directives for social work but after 8 years there are still problems within social work some which could be easily acted upon. We will only know if these new policies and new social work task force works over time.As its been highlighted earlier in this assignment there is still an implication involved in being a service user just as there was being a pauper. Whilst researching the different acts and welfare ideologies that have been introduced throughout the timeline Ive used Ive realised that th ere are more similarities than comparisons between a services user and pauper. They still have problems accessing help and there are many families who still dont ask for help because of the stigma. However new approaches have introduced service user involvement by defining what help they want and defining the quality of help they receive. A recent report by Beresford, Shamash, Forrest and Turner, 2007 research service users vision for adult service they found that the process of accessing social care was frequently negative for service users, the assessments were very dependent on the quality of the staff carrying it out, which shouldnt be happening all social workers should work to one high standard it shouldnt be a lottery of if you get a good one or not. Access to communicating with the social worker was low and that many of the service users questioned had gaps in their services making them feel insecure.A major problem through history has been a struggle to get good support for these individuals. Whilst researching this topic I realised that service users know what they want and can easily highlight the problems at the minute one report found while welfare bureaucracy has been condemned by governments for a long while service users still identify problems. One individual said that we shouldnt have to fill out forms to be made to feel like beggars, not unlike The Poor Law and paupers opinions. There is still social exclusion, the poor will stay poor because they have just enough to get by so they routine stop, think and revolt. But do social workers maintain this, because they help them just enough, finding the quickest thing they can do to help them not unavoidably the best way in the long run. New Labour has had so much time to make improvements and rectify social exclusion but child poverty is getting worst.How much have rights helped service users, many reports have found that they feel more responsible and confident about the help they are receiving when they have been more involved in the decision processes. Although some still feel like they are hidden away from society and when they have more experience of their disability they need to be acknowledged. The report by Beresford et al, 2007 also found that service users would like a watchdog with service users and professionals and they should be the judge of quality.One dilemma that social workers face is working towards anti discriminatory practice, equality should be the core of provisions of service, and it needs to take into account religion and backgrounds. Yes some progress has been made involving diversity for example the race equality act, still lots of progress needs to be made.There are many barriers when considering the major historical events that brought about social work and the values it has now. We see that welfare state is a necessary condition of social work stentorian and to defend it or is it temporary in which internationally social work will then erupt from something else. One barrier when understanding which major events bear upon what social work is today is our understanding of the history of social work, the history isnt concrete it changes daily. Most of the history of social work comes from COS as its telephone circuit and its methods are still used today. However Laybourn, 1997 has found other methods that were used that have yet to be examined this may have been because COS was used in London and this would have an effect on the history, power will always influence history.To conclude social work has changed significantly and is still very important and we will progress to help all individuals, we need a larger voice though to talk about the problems we face as a profession to ensure that service users and pauper have fewer similarities. I believe that service users have shifted from paupers as they have much more freedom and rights now, yes there are still similarities which need to be focused on to improve our system a nd we could probably be a better service if problems hadnt occurred along the way to hit how we work, we also need to refuse to let policies be imposed on us when they dont improve on what were already doing. Rights are now benefiting service users but we need to ensure it stays like this. Whilst working towards anti discriminatory practice and equality for all we need to ensure our values are the same that we contribute to a fairer society by reducing disadvantage and exclusion and promoting fair access to resources. Many policies and acts have been the bedrock of what social work is today and without them social work would be very different.

The Ancient Indian Educational System Education Essay

The Ancient Indian statemental System Education EssayAncient Indian groomingal system focused on building a disciplined and values-based culture. Human values such as trust, respect, h championsty, dignity, and courtesy are the building blocks of any free, advanced society. The convocation addresses from ancient cadence throws significant light on the qualities required to be developed in the students which are not very different from the qualities that modern schoolingal systems are onerous to impart.Discipline like character is an essential tone for personal as well as social manners. It consists in obedience to laws, rules and decisions. In this regard we moldiness admit that ancient Indian system of education licked a major role in making students realize their duties and responsibilities and emphasized on the unavoidableness of discipline for an orderly social life. Character and discipline cannot be imparted to an individual by preaching or through speeches. While stud ents can be imparted with the knowledge of what is moral and what is immoral, what is discipline and what is indiscipline, what is character and what is characterless, they can be made to act in conformity with the required standard of behaviour, only through personalexample. These qualities are acquired by emulation in addition to education.3. The modern school education system in India comprising primary, middle and subsidiary levels vary considerably across the states since education is in general the responsibility of the state presidencys. Most states follow five years of primary, three years of middle and two years each of secondary and higher secondary levels shown in appendix Q. In the earth schools, the lessons are taught in general in regional langu boards and English is learned as second language dapple offstage schools use English to teach about of the subjects. The system of higher education is however more or less logical across the country and taught mostly in English. The first level degrees in non-technical subjects usu bothy require about three years while the technical degree courses span over 4 years.4. Indian Constitution directs the State to provide free and needful education for all children upto the age of 14. This goal has been pursued by the country for nearly half a dozen decades through successive development plans. The last two decades have witnessed significant improvements in childrens participation in schooling, accompanied by substantial enlarge in investments. The late(a) effort to raise resources for the sector through imposition of an education cess is major effort in that direction. Even though school education has traditionally remained a subject for action by State Governments, Government of India has, during the last two decades following the National Policy on Education 1986, begun to play a leading role. This culminated in the launching of the national programme of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan in 2001. Despite all these efforts, the final goal of providing quality education for all has eluded the country.5. indispensableness of reaching the goal has been heightened in recent years due to several national and international developments, including commitments made under the capital of Senegal Framework for Action for providing quality Education for All by 2015ii, which not only covers primary education but also focus on literacy goals, gender equality and quality concerns.iiiThe Dakar Framework of Action listed the following six specific goals to be achieved by all countries.a). Expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education, especially for the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children.b). Ensuring that by 2015 all children, particularly girls, children in difficult circumstances and those belonging to ethnic minorities, have access to and complete free and compulsory primary education of good quality.c). Ensuring that the learning needs of all young people and a dults are met through equitable access to appropriate learning and life skills programmes.d). Achieving a 50 per cent improvement in levels of adult literary by 2015, especially for women, and equitable access to basic and continuing education for all adults.e). Eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005, and achieving gender equality in education by 2015, with a focus on ensuring girls ripe and equal access to and achievement in basic education of good quality.f). Improving every aspect of the quality of education, and ensuring their excellence so that recognized and mensural learning outcomes are achieved by all, especially in literacy, numeracy and essential life skills.6. The National Plan of Action for Education for All (2002) in India reflects this sense of fatality felt within the country by proposing to reach the targets much ahead of the international dateline. At the national level, the Constitutional Amendment in 2002 declaring education in the age group 6-14 which corresponds to the elementary education stage of schooling a fundamental right has brought the issue of universal elementary education (UEE) to the centre stage of public discourse. The country is in the process of drawing up the legislation for effective implementation of the right for translating the constitutional provision into reality. With the progress made in recent years the goal seems to be achievable by the international time frame of 2015. But this requires systematic assessment of the various goals the present exercise is one such effort.7. Looking from different perspective institutions of higher learning and universities flourished in India well before the Common Era, and continued to deliver education into the Common Era. blasphemous Buddhist institutions cropped up along with monasteries. These institutions imparted practical education, e.g. medicine. A arrive of urban learning centres became increasingly visible from the period between 200 BCE to 400 CE. The key urban centres of learning were Taxila and Nalanda, among others. These institutions systematically imparted knowledge and attracted a number of foreign students to study topics such as logic, grammar, medicine, metaphysics, arts and crafts.8. With the arrival of the British Raj in India a class of Westernized elite was versed in the Western system of education which the British had introduced.ivThis system soon became solidified in India as a number of primary, secondary, and tertiary centres for education cropped up during the colonial era. Between 1867 and 1941 the British increased the percentage of the nation in Primary and Secondary Education from around 0.6% of the population in 1867 to over 3.5% of the population in 1941.vHowever this was much lower than the equivalent figures for Europe where in 1911 between 8 and 18% of the population were in Primary and Secondary education. Additionally literacy was also improved. In 1901 the literacy rate in I ndia was only about 5% though by Independence it was nearly 20%.vi9. Following independence in 1947, Maulana Azad, Indias first education minister envisaged strong central government control over education throughout the country, with a uniform educational system. However, given the cultural and linguistic diversity of India, it was only the higher education dealing with science and technology that came under the jurisdiction of the central government. The government also held powers to make national policies for educational development and could regulate selected aspects of education throughout India.10. The central government of India formulated the National Policy on Education (NPE) in 1986 and also reinforced the Programme of Action in 1986.viiThe government initiated several measures the launching of DPEP (District Primary Education Programme) and SSA (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Indias initiative for Education for All) and setting up of Navodaya Vidyalaya and other selective school s in every district, advances in female education, inter-disciplinary research and establishment of open universities. Indias NPE also contains the National System of Education, which ensures some uniformity while taking into account regional education needs. The NPE also stresses on higher spending on education, envisaging a budget of more than 6% of the Gross domestic Product.viiiWhile the need for wider reform in the primary and secondary sectors is recognized as an issue, the emphasis is also on the development of science and technology education infrastructure.

Experimental Investigations of Catalytic Effect of Cu2+

Experimental Investigations of Catalytic nitty-gritty of Cu2+Experimental Investigations of Catalytic Effect of Cu2+ During anodic Disolution of Iron in NaCl ElectrolyteR.K Upadhyay1, Arbind Kumar2 and P.K Srivastava3AbstractTaguchis orthogonal array L9 has been effectively used to study the effect of butt on arguings such as voltage, feed enjoin and electrolyte concentration on worldly remotion rate in context of two different types of electrolyte namely sedimentary NaCl solution and electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions. The results indicated that Cu2+ has a catalytic effect on the anodic dissolution of bid, which restrict the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and increases the dissolution rate during machining. The experimental results were analyzed using analysis of variance (analysis of variance) method to look into the significance and percentage endorsementtion of individual process parameters on performance characteristics.Key Words electrochemical Machining, Aqueous NaC l, Cu2+, Parameters, Oxidation, Material Removal rate.IntroductionElectrochemical machining (electronic countermeasures) has got an industrial importance due to its capability of controlled atomic level metal removal1. It is an anodic dissolutionprocess based on electrolysis, where the application of a to a greater extent traditional process is not convenient. electronic countermeasures has been successfully employed in aerospace, automobile industries and now gaining much importance in the electronics and different laid-back-tech industries for the trickery of micro components2-3. Mask less and through mask electrochemical micromachining techniques have been successively used thin films and foils of materials those atomic number 18 difficult to machine by other methods4-5. Electrochemical machining is low voltage (5-25 volt) machining process which offers high metal removal rate and also capable to machine hard conductive materials into complicated profiles without every therm al damages thus suitable for mass production work with low labor requirements6-7. The dissolution rate is highly reliant on the infusion of electrolytes and its current carrying capacity. On increasing the concentration of electrolyte solution dissolution rate also increases but extra concentration allows the crystal constitution, which may damage the accessories of ECM and reduce the volume of electrolyte in flow pipes. The conductivity of electrolyte depends not only on the concentration but also on ionic interaction. Thus, the current carrying process done by the base electrolyte is small, but H+ and OH ions produced in electrolysis of water play important role8-9. The achievement of higher dissolution rate in ECM is a strong research base which is possible by change in composition of electrolyte solution to promote catalytic effect during dissolution10.During electrochemical machining of fight at low current density it has been observed that Fe+ cation formed very easily but it is highly unstable and immediately oxidizes into Fe2+ state. Increase in current density leads to simultaneous production of Fe2+ and Fe3+, at higher current density apparent valence of urge on increases above three11. Therefore, to stabilized Fe2+ in the aqueous solution is a challenge during dissolution.EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND PRINCIPLE OF ECMFig 1 Experimental set-upECM is an anodic dissolution process works on the principle of Faradays law. While machining of compact in forepart of aqueous NaCl electrolyte solution the following chemical reactions are observed12.Reactions at CathodeNa+ + e NaNa + H2O NaOH + H+2H+ + 2e H2It shows that only hydrogen gas will evolve at cathode.When pure iron is being machined electrochemically the following reactions would occur13-14.Fe Fe2++ 2e Fe2+ + 2Cl FeCl2Fe2+ + 2(OH) Fe(OH)2FeCl2 + 2(OH) Fe(OH)2 + 2Cl2Cl Cl2 + 2e 2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3H+ + Cl HCl2Fe(OH)2 + H2O +O2 2Fe(OH)3Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl FeCl3+ 3H2OFeCl3+ 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaClIt shows that during electrochemical machining of iron in NaCl electrolyte, iron is removed as Fe(OH)2 and precipitated as sludge while sodium chloride is recovered back. Due to further reaction, formation of Fe(OH)3 is also possible Which, confirms the existence of iron in +2 and +3 states during dissolution.Determoation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in electrolyte solutionThe electrolyte solution containing Fe+2 and Fe+3 ions was collected. Fe+2 ions were determined directly by titrating a known volume of iron electrolyte solution with K2Cr2 O7 in acidic medium (HCl).Cr2O7 2- + 6Fe+2 + 14H+ = 2Cr+3 + 6Fe +3 + 7H2OInternal indicator N- phenyl anthranilic acid was used to mark the end point. Fe+3 ions were determined after all the Fe+3 ions are reduced into Fe+2 ions with SnCl2 in presence HCl in hot.Sn+2 + 2Fe +3 = Sn+4 + 2Fe+2The solution was then cooled and excess SnCl2 was removed by adding HgCl2 solution.2Hg+2 + Sn+2 +Cl = Sn+4 +Hg2Cl2 (white ppt)Titration of known volume of ba r solution was done using standard solution of K2Cr2O7 in acidic medium. From the volume of K2Cr2O7 used, the total amount of Fe+2 and Fe+3 ions was determined. The amount of Fe+3 ion was determined by subtracting amount of Fe+2 which is determined earlier.Material removal rate during electrochemical machining is greatly influenced by dissolution valence. As the dissolution valence decreases MRR increases. In this paper an approach is made to enhance the electrochemical dissolution of iron through control of valency (transition) therefore, in this direction, use of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ is suggested. The dissolution pay back of iron by Cu2+ ions can be is justified by considering the standard electron potential E for Cu2+, Fe/Fe2+and Fe/Fe3+ described as follows15.Cu2+ + 2e- Cu E = +0.34V Fe2+ + 2e- Fe E = -0.44V Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ E = +0.77VAs E for Cu2+ Cu is more positive than Fe2+ Fe, Cu2 +will oxidize Fe to Fe2+. However, as E for Cu2+ Cu is less positive than Fe3+ Fe2+, Cu2+ will not oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+. Making electrolyte solution250 gramsof NaCl was mixed with400 gramsof CuSO4 in10 litersof water. The mixture is stirred well for 2 minutes then het up(p) until it loses its green color. The crystals of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and copper chloride (CuCl2) were removed by filtering the solution and thi the solution thus obtained was saturated solution of Na2SO4 containing Cu2+ ions which participates in anodic dissolution process.MACHINING CONDITIONS following(a) machining parameters are selected on the basis of performance characteristics,Table1 Machining conditions for analysisSELECTION OF MACHINING PROCESS PARAMETERSTable 2 shows machining parameters and selected levels for experimental procedureTable 2 Process parameter and their levelsMeasurement of MRRThe initial weight of the work piece was taken for calculation of MRR. Keeping the flow rate constant at 15 lit/min and the rest of the parameters are set according to table 1 for each ru n. Work piece was kept horizontal, and cylindrical electrode was used for machining. Gap between bill and workpiece was maintained carefully to avoid the choking. The electrode was fed continuously towards the work piece during machining and time was recorded. After machining, the cavity was formed on the work-piece. The final weight of the work-piece was taken and material removal rate was calculated as per the following formulaMRR= . (1)EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREThe design resulted in total of eighteen experiments, which are performed at 10V-18V supply voltage, 10-30 g/lit electrolyte concentration and 0.0001-0.0005 cm/sec feed rate as the values for the control variables. The responses measured are Material removal rate (MRR) Scheme of the experiments is as shown in Table 3.Table 3 Taguchi L9 OA for MRRRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) when machinating in presence of NaCl electrolyte solution Percentage contribution of each parameter on material removal rate during e lectrochemical machining of iron in aqueous NaCl electrolyte solution is shown in table 4 and correspond graphically in figure 2.Table 4 ANOVA for MRR NaCl as electrolyte Fig 2. Contributions of the parameters when machining in presence of aqueous NaCl electrolyte solutionRegression EquationMRR= -0.01096 +0.002296Voltage +64.0 passRate +0.000540 niggardness. (2)The equation (2) shows that throw rate is dominant factor affecting MRR. The graphs shown in figure 3 are plotted from the regression equation (2).Fig 3. Main personal effects Plot for SN ratios (NaCl electrolyte solution)Figure shows the main effect plot of the MRR depicting the effect of various machining parameters on MRR. As seen from the plot obtained, the MRR increased with increase in both voltage and feed rate. This is due to the fact that with increase in voltage the current increases in the inter electrode gap thus increasing the MRR. Feed rate is another important parameter. Increase in feed rate results in decr ease of the conducting path between the workpiece and the tool hence resulting in high current density thus enhancing the rapid anodic dissolution. An overall increase in the MRR was also observed with increase in the concentration as the big number of ions associated with the machining process which increases the machining current and thus results in higher MRR.Effects of selected process variables (i.e. Voltage, Feed rate and Concentration) on material removal rate (MRR) at different sets of conditions while machining in presence of aqueous NaCl solution are shown in figure 4(a), 4(b) and 4(c). Fig. 4(a) Effects of Voltage on material Fig. 4(b) Effects of Feed rate on materialremoval for different Concentration, removal for different Voltage,Feed rate= 0.0001 cm/sec. Concentration = 20 g/lit.Fig.4(c) Effects of Concentration on material removal for different Feed rates, Voltage= 14 VNaCl electrolyte tend to promote the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ during the dissolution process the maximum MRR obtained during machining of iron in aqueous NaCl solution recorded was 0.0653 cm3/sec. Although the higher concentration of NaCl is favorable for better MRR but excess concentration allows the crystal formation which reduces the volume of electrolyte in flow pipes and also affects the dissolution rate.Analysis of variance when machining in presence of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ionsPercentage contribution of each parameter on material removal rate during electrochemical machining of iron in electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions is shown in table 5 and represented graphically in figure 5.Table 5 ANOVA for MRR electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ionsFig 5. Contributions of the parameters when machining in presence of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ionsRegression EquationMRR = -0.0157 +0.002908Voltage +75.3FeedRate +0.000602Concentration. .. (3)The equation (3) shows that voltage is dominant factor affecting MRR. The graphs shown infigure 6 are plotte d from the regression equation (3).Fig 6. Main Effects Plot for SN ratios (electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions)The oxidation of Fe2+ in to Fe3+ is restricted due to the presence of Cu2+ in electrolyte solution which promotes the higher dissolution rate during machining. The influence of selected process variables i.e. Voltage, Feed rate and Concentration on material removal rate at different sets of conditions in presence of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions are shown in figure 7(a), 7(b) and 7(c) respectively. Fig. 7(a) Effects of Voltage on material Fig. 7(b) Effects of Feed rate on materialremoval for different Concentration, removal for different Voltage,Feed rate= 0.0001 cm/sec. Concentration = 20 g/lit. Fig. 7(c) Effects of Concentration on material removal for different Feed rates, Voltage= 14 V.The maximum MRR obtained during machining of iron in presence of Cu2 electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions was 0.0774 cm3/sec, which is 18.5% more when compared with aqueous NaCl electrolyte.CONCLUSIONThe electrochemical characteristics of iron in aqueous NaCl solution and electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions has been analyzed experimentally to investigate the influence of process parameters on MRR. The Process parameters such as voltage, feed rate, Electrolyte concentration, were successfully controlled. The different combinations of these parameters were used for the experimentation in order to determine their influence on MRR. The experiment was performed by varying all parameters in combination as per L9 orthogonal array. The experimental observations support the conclusion that the presence of Cu2+ ions in electrolyte solution restrict the further oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and enhance the low valence dissolution of iron during machining. Design of experiments and analysis of variance helped in identifying the significant parameters affecting MRR. The best combination of the parameters are Voltage= 18 V, Feed Rate=0.0005 cm/sec and ele ctrolyte Concentration = 20 g/lit when using a solution containing Cu2+ ions as electrolyte. The maximum MRR obtained was 18.5 % higher when compared with aqueous NaCl electrolyte for the same set of working conditions.creditI express my sincere thanks to Department of Applied Chemistry BIT Extension Centre Deoghar for their cooperation to conduct the experiments in order to observe the catalytic behavior of Cu2+ ions.References1.Sekar T, Marappan R. Experimental investigations into the influencing parameters ofelectrochemical machining of AISI 202. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 20087(2)337-43.2.Bhattacharyya B, Munda J. Experimental investigation on the influence of Electrochemicalmachining parameters on machining rate and accuracy in micromachining domain. Int J MachTools Manuf 2003 43(13)1301-10.3. Kozak J, Rajurkar KP, Makkar Y, Selected problems of microelectrochemical machiningJournal of Materials Processing engineering science 2004 149 426 431.4. Bhattacharya B, Doloi B and Sridhar PJ. Electrochemical Micromachining New possibilitiesfor Micro- Manufacturing. J. Material. Proc.Tech 2001113301-305.5. Bhattacharyya B, Malapati M, Munda J, Sarkar A. Influence of tool vibration onMachining performance in electrochemical micro-machining of copper international Journalof Machine Tool and Manufacture 2007 47 335342.6.Hocheng H, Sun YH, Lin SC, Kao PS. A material removal analysis of Electrochemicalmachining using flat-end cathode. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2003 140264-268.7.Yong L, Di Zhu, Yongbin, Zeng, Shaofu Huang, Hongbing Yu. Experimental Investigationon Complex Structures Machining by Electrochemical Micromachining Technology, ChineseJournal of Aeronautics 2010 23578-584.8.Mukherjee SK, Kumar S, Srivastava PK. Effect of electrolyte on current- carrying processin ECM, I Mech E Part C J. Mechanical Engineering Science 2007 2211415-1419.9. Byk MV, Tkalenko DA and Tkalenko MD. On participation of hydroxide ions in the anodicdisso lution of metals in aqueous electrolyte solution. Prot Met t 2004 40(3) 294-296.10.Ayyappan S and Sivakumar K. Investigation of electrochemical machining characteristics of20MnCr5 alloy steel using potassium dichromate mixed aqueous NaCl electrolyte andoptimization of process parameters.Proc I MechE part B Journal of EngineeringManufacture 2014.11.Srivastava PK, Kumar R, Barhai PK. Energy Profile and Thermodynamic Feasibility ofIron(I) during Electrochemical Machining of Iron.International Journal of MechanicalEngineering 2013 411146-1158.12.Mukherjee SK, Kumar S, Srivastava PK. Effect of over voltage on material removal rateduring Electrochemical Machining. Tamkand Journal of Science and Engineering 2005 823- 28.13. Neto JC.d.S, Silva, EMd, Silva MBd. Intervening variables in electrochemical machiningJournal of Materials Processing Technology 2006 1799296.14.Mount AR, Muir RN. Dissolution characteristics of iron and stainless steels in chloride underelectrochemical machining condit ions Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2007154 3E57 E61.15. Electrochemistry 3 Cell potentials and thermodynamics, chemwiki.ucdavis.edu Analytical Chemistry Electrochemistry (2014, accessed 15 May 2015).Stephen K. Lower. Redox equilibria in natural waters Chem1 Environmental Chemistry, http//www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/pdf/c3redox.pdf(1998, accessed 15 May 2015).1

Women and Love In Chaucer Essay -- Chaucer Poetry Poem Essays

Wowork force and Love In Chaucer Chaucers opinion of women and his views on love are very conspicuously featured in his poetry. Focusing on women, one must first examine the popular views concerning women during Chaucers time. Arlyn Diamond writes of Chaucer that, . . . he accepts uneasily the medieval view of women as either better or worse than men, entirely never quite the same. (Green 3) This is evident in Chaucers portrayal of women in such poems as The Wife of tub and The Clerks drool which assault the reader with antithetical views of women. The Wife of Bath is one of the most memorable characters Chaucer ever created. She is considered, in view of Diamonds statement, to be better than the men in her life. Patient Griselda in The Clerks Tale is a peasant woman, married to a nobleman, who tests her loyalty through a series of ordeals in which she is lead to rely her children to be murdered. In this tale Chaucer is exposing his reader to a woman who is beneath her husband, an d is treated horribly by him. Chaucer frequently treats the women he writes about as objects, rough prize to be won by the heroic man. This is evident in The Knights Tale, in which the two protagonists, Palamon and Arcite, war over the hand of Emily, who they have never met, but only gazed upon from a distance. Their devotion to her branches not from love, but the want of men to contain and mesh the women surrounding them. Now on to the subject of love. Chaucer writes in The Knights Tale of a love based on physical beauty, where the two protagonists fall in love at first sight. This is a common device utilize in medieval literature to create conflict between characters. The Book of the Duchess focuses on the real love between the Black Knight, and the White Woman. This allows Chaucer to explore the temperament of love in context.Chaucers Wife of Bath is a domineering woman who demands the men in her life to be subservient. The reader gains from her prologue that she is concerned with sovereignty, which she views as the control or mastery in the relationship. She does not appear to truly love any of her husbands. The first three are older men whom she seems to marry for their money. They stand out on quickly leaving her with wealth, standing, and the chance to find herself a more suitable man. Her fourth husband was a profligate, a man of loose morals, who keeps ... ...t sight. The skeletal death of Arcite only emphasizes the hollow nature of this love. Love in The Book of the Duchess is treated differently. When Arcite dies there is no real pain felt for his loss. This is not the gaffe with the death of the Black Knights lady. Chaucer spends about eight hundred lines allowing the knight to lament his lost love. In his poetry Chaucer tries to be sympathetic to the plight of women. He endeavors to demonstrate love honestly, accepting the contradictory types of love and giving them all equal opportunity to prove themselves. The problem, however, lies in the subjects, for no matter how long or intently you look at them, they will always be as complex and incomprehensible as they always were.Works CitedGreen, Richard Firth. Chaucers Victimized Women. Studies in the Age of Chaucer. Ed. doubting Thomas J. Heffernan. Vol. 10. 1988. 3-21.Wynne-Davis, Marion., ed. The Tales of the Clerk and the Wife of Bath. By Geoffrey Chaucer. Routledge New York, 1992.Edwards, Robert R. Stephen Spector. Ed. The Olde Daunce Love, Friendship, Sex, and Marriage in the Medieval World. Albany State University of New York Press. 1991 154-176.

Communism Essay -- Communism Essays

CommunismWhat is Communism? Communism is the doctrine of the conditions of the liberation of the proletariat. It also can be defined as a conceptualized system of government in which resources and production facilities are the property of the entire society rather than individuals. In a communist society, lying-in is shared equally as well, and the benefits of labor are distributed according to need (Communism.4all 1). No one person shall be ranked higher than another and there is to be one person in charge of the society in a communism government. There are still to this day many countries that gloam under the rule of communism and the ways they were transformed under communist rule is quite interesting. Just a a couple of(prenominal) to mention are Vietnam, Cuba, and mainland China. China and Russia both went to great lengths to turn their countries into communist ones. Russia then became a non-communist country and is better for it. Communism is also looked at from a religiou s standpoint and the perform has extremely strong views on it. Communism is not moreover a governmental system it is how people are forced to live their lives, good and the sturdy come with it. As I mentioned before, communism goes under the liberation of the proletariat. A proletariat is that class in society which lives entirely from the sale of its labor and does not draw profit from any kind of capital whose weal and woe, whose life and death, whose sole existence depends on the demand for labor-hence, on the changing state of business, on the vagaries of unbridled competition. The proletariat or the class of Proletarians, is, in a word, the working class of the 19th century (Marxists 1). This is just one example of the ways of the communist rule.The Proletariat originated in the industrial revolution, which took place in England in the last half of the 18th century, and which has since been repeated in all the civilized countries in the instauration (Marxists 2). Before th e industrial revolution began, devices such as the steam engine, spinning machines and a bunch of other mechanical devices were invented. These new and extremely expensive machines could only be purchased by the capitalists. Therefore, the machines were brought industry work into the tip overs of the capitalists and were worthless property to the workers. This meant that the capitalists had eve... ... governmental system. Majority of the people in the world would like to make their aver decisions and not be told what to do from childhood. It is a system that does take away your freedoms and does not allow you to make your own decisions. United States on the other hand is just the opposite, in that you are allowed to protest, vote for what you believe in and have the basic freedoms of just about anything.There are only a few countries left in this world that are still under the rule of communism and I believe that once the rulers of those nations die off, the U.S. will have someth ing to assert about it. I do not believe that communism will survive very long because America has shown in the past and recently that when we do not like a way a country is doing something, we will come in and fix it. For example, we did not like the way Saddam ibn Talal Hussein was running things and going about his business, so we went in and took over. Why not do this to every country we dont agree with from a policy-making standpoint. So, all in all, communism will not be around much longer and democracy will become the governmental system of the world.